NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 269 



very prominent ; nasal bones arched with a depression at their root.* Hamil- 

 ton Smith on the other hand speaks of the "beautiful spherical cranium of 

 the Jews, as fine as the Arabian or Circassian ;"f and in a recent work on the 

 Condition of Women and Children among the Celtic, Gothic and other nations, it is 

 asserted that the "Jews have, generally speaking, crania like the Saxons and 

 Goths short and broad," p. (69). This statement is certainly erroneous. 

 The Jewish crania in the Academy's collection are, as we have just seen, long 

 and ovoidal, with a comparatively receding forehead, and as Morton long ago 

 observed, a strong and often harsh development of the whole facial structure. 

 In his interesting work, entitled Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Baby- 

 lon, Layard figures a bas-relief disinterred from Sennacherib's palace at Kou- 

 yunjik, and representing certain Jewish captives from Lachish. "These cap- 

 tives," he says, "were undoubtedly Jews, their physiognomy was strikingly 

 indicated in the sculptures." A glance at these figures is sufficient to show 

 that they belong, not to the short, but the long-headed races of men. The Jews 

 are justly classed, therefore, by Retzius among the Asiatic Dolichokephalse.t 



The Arab skulls in the collection, with the exception of No. 780, are entire- 

 ly different from the fragment under consideration. No. 129(3 is an oval, 

 dolicho-kephalic head. No. 781 is an oblong head with the occipital region 

 flattened superiorly, as in the Norwegian and Swedish skulls, and the oc- 

 cipital protuberance quite prominent. No. 784 is a long head approximating 

 the oval form. Behind the mastoid processes it is quite broad, and the oc- 

 cipital region is full and rounded. No. 780 is a shorter head than the other. 

 The crown exhibits the triangular form of that of the fragments from Jerusa- 

 lem, but the triangle is longer. The occiput though flattened is not so de- 

 cidedly flat as in the fragment. 



This fragment differs also entirely from the Fellah skulls in the collection, 

 not only in length but also in the configuration of the crown and the occiput. 

 Upon comparing it with the series of Egyptian skulls, I find that we cannot 

 ascribe to it an Egyptian origin. It is a curious fact, however, and one worthy 

 of mention in this connection, that among the figures in Crania JEgyptica, 

 selected from Rosellini's great work by Dr. Morton to illustrate the Egyptian 

 type of head, there are several which I am strongly inclined to think are not 

 at all Egyptian. Two of these (Fig. 4, p. 34, and Fig. 3, p. 35) are evidently 

 brachykephalic heads. In both, the hind head is vertically flattened. The 

 former resembles the square or round-headed German, the latter calls to mind 

 the Peruvian form. The first outline is that of the Harper in Bruce's tomb at 

 Thebes ; the second is a cook, who in the tomb of Rameses the Fourth, at 

 Thebes, is represented with many others in the active duties of his vocation. 



Before proceeding further in the attempt to determine the race to which the 

 Jerusalem skull belongs, it will be-useful to enumerate the very different races 

 of men that have at different times occupied Jerusalem and its vicinity. 



From the Acts of the Apostles we learn that during the first century pf the 

 Christian era, there were assembled at Jerusalem, besides the Jews, Parthians, 

 Medes, Elamites, Mesopotamians, Judeans, Cappadocians, natives of Pontus, 

 Asia, Phrygia, Pamphylia, Egypt, Libya about Cyrene, Rome, Crete and 

 Arabia. Long after this we know that crowds of pilgrims were attracted to 

 Jerusalem " from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, and the most distant coun- 

 tries of the East." Among these pilgrims, Jerome, cited by Gibbon, || mentions 

 the Britons and the Indians. Three centuries later, (A. D. 614,) the Holy 



* Op. Cit. p. 80. 



tNat Hist of the Human Species. Amer. Edit. p. 377. 



iOpusc. cit. sup. p. 9. . 



I See Catalogue of Human Crania, pp. 19, 20. Also Cranial Characteristics of the 

 Races of Men in Indigenous Races, pp. 290, 291. 

 || Decline and Fall of ihe Roman Empire. Chap. 23. 



1859.] 



