272 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF 



from the yoke, ruled the Persians above four centuries."* Judging from the 

 portraits of the 1st, 5th, 12th and 19th Arsaces, on their silver coins in the 

 British Museum, the form of the Parthian skull must have been round or 

 globular, f 



Herodotus and Eudoxus, among the ancients, and Renan, % Gosche, Knobelli 

 and others, among the moderns, consider the Phrygians to be closely affiliated 

 to the Armenians. This opinion is based upon purely linguistic considerations. 

 There are reasons, however, for thinking that these two people were not cranio- 

 graphically alike. Both Potocki and Dubois regarded the Phrygians as of Ger- 

 jnanic origin. Hamilton Smith also speaks of them as a Getic clan. Among the 

 five characteristic types of man exhibited in the bas-reliefs on the tomb of King 

 Darius Hystaspes, excavated in the mountain Rachmend near Persepolis, there 

 is a Lydian wearing a Phrygian cap, and "representing the mixed population of 

 Asia Minor a modification of the Arian type by the infusion of foreign blood 

 Iranian, Scythian and Shemitish interminglings.^" The head is short and 

 rounded. This is true also of a head of a Lycaonian warrior from a monu- 

 ment of Iconium, in the south-western part of ancient Phrygia. Renan, 

 Movers and Knobel seem inclined to think that the ancient inhabitants of 

 Pamphylia were of Phoenician origin. But the Phoenician, like the Shemitic 

 skull, is dolicho-kephalic. Hence if the opinion of these gentlemen be well 

 grounded, the short-headed Jerusalem fragment is not Pamphylian. 



From these statements it will be seen that the Parthians, Phrygians, and 

 perhaps also the Cappadocians and Cretans belong, in common with the Scla- 

 vonians, Finns, Turks, Kalmucks, &c, to the same short-headed group of 

 crania to which must be assigned our Jerusalem skull. Of the exact form of 

 their heads, however, lean obtain no satisfactory information. The affilia- 

 tions of the Jerusalem skull must be sought in this direction. But the attempt 

 to determine its exact place in the ethnographic scale is still further compli- 

 cated by the question of deformation. Is it a deformed skull ? It is not easy 

 to answer this question positively. Deformed or distorted skulls are referrible, 

 as regards the cause of distortion, to three classes, viz : 1st. Skulls artificially 

 deformed by bandages, &c; 2d. Skulls posthumously distorted in consequence 

 of interstitial changes produced by the combined influence of pressure and 

 moisture ; and 3d. Skulls naturally or congenitally deformed in consequence 

 of obliteration by synostosis of some one of the sutures, this obliteration taking 

 place during intra-uterine or early extra-uterine life and by presenting a point 

 of resistance, causing the brain and with it the calvarial bones to be un- 

 duly developed in certain directions, as has been very clearly shown by Dr. 

 Humphry Minchin, of Dublin.** Now a careful inspection of the Jerusalem 

 skull shows that no synostosis either of the lambdoidal or the posterior part of 

 the sagittal suture can be pointed out. The occipital and parietal bones have 

 been developed in the usual manner and from ossific points of ordinary num- 

 ber and location. The sutures mentioned though nearly consolidated have 

 not been obliterated. The deformation is, therefore, not congenital. It is not 

 posthumous, for if it were, the sutures would in all probability gap, and not 

 admit of coaptation, and the head would be asymmetrical. We may conclude 

 then that the head has been artificially deformed, by pressure strongly, evenly 



* Indigenous Races of the Earth, " Iconographic Researches on Human Races and 

 their Art," p, 151. 

 tlbid, pp. 170-171. 

 X Op. Git., p; 44. 



De Ariana lingua? gentisque armeniaca? indole. Berlin, 1847. 

 || Die Vrelkertafel der Genesis, p. 98. 

 H Iconographic Researches, p. 151. 

 ** Contributions to Craniology. Dublin, 1856. 



[Sept. 



