-74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP 



give to it the occipital form of the skull from Jerusalem. The absence of th 

 truncated occiput in the only specimen of the Burat type in the collection need 

 not deter us from referring the Barclay fragment to this type. I have already 

 noticed the fact that the Kalmucks were in the habit of giving a square form to 

 The head. This practice was confined to male children. Females were for the 

 most part exempt from it, and consequently retained the form of head given 

 to them by nature. It is curious to observe that the Burat cast has every ap- 

 pearance of being the cast of a female skull of one, therefore, which has 

 escaped compression. As if to confirm the reference here made of the Jeru- 

 salem skull to the Burat cranial type, I may say, that after the above lines 

 had been written, I received a copy of Dr. Latham's " Descriptive 

 Rthnology, " published during the current year. In the first volume, when 

 describing the Mongolian physiognomy, he alludes to my description of the 

 only Kalmuck skull in tbe Academy's collection, and quoting Blumenbach's 

 epithets, says that the cranial collection in the Berlin Museum, the largest he 

 has seen, verifies these epithets. He says farther, that " the base of some of 

 the Burat crania, and the truncation of the occiput, are in some cases inordinate.' : ' 

 (p. 339.) I find additional confirmation of the ideas here advocated in a pos- 

 teriorly flattened skull brought to the Academy, within a few days past, by Mr. 

 J. H. Slack, who informs me that it belonged to the collection of Prof. Wein- 

 land, and was found upon the battle- field of Balaklava. Though labelled 

 Cossack, it is undoubtedly of Mongolian origin. In many respects it is analo- 

 gous to the Kalmuck skull No. 1553 of the collection, but unlike this latter it 

 has the occiput flattened. The Cossacks, it will be remembered, are a mixed 

 people, made up chiefly of Sclavonians, Turks and Mongols, the latter ethnh 

 element predominating. 



The Jerusalem skull resembles Nos. 85, 87, 450, 688, 752, 1232, 1458, 1459, 

 1464, 1473, 1481, 1493, 1495, 1504, 1509, 230, 497, and others of the Peruvian 

 group. The former is, however, not identical in conformation with the latter. 

 Nearly all these Peruvian skulls are irregularly distorted, and in most of them 

 the sinciput appears to have been compressed as well as the occiput. Although 

 distorted by -the same means, and in general outline very much alike, yet 

 they differ to some extent from each other in the shape of the crown, and even 

 in' the extent and direction of the occipital flatness. Except in the fact that 

 the Burat and Kalmuck skulls are not artificially flattened as the Barclay 

 cranium has evidently been, these three resemble each other more closely 

 than the latter does the Peruvian. Nevertheless, the short-headed and occi- 

 pitally flattened Peruvian skulls and our Jerusalem fragment are referrible 

 to, the same type, or at least to types so closely related that it requires careful 

 examination to discriminate between them. Are we justified on this account 

 in regarding the cranium from Jerusalem as a Peruvian skull? I think not. 

 To refer a skull to its formal type is not the same as referring it to its appro- 

 priate race, nation or tribe. Two skulls of the same type may belong to very 

 different races. This fact is involved in a curious law of homoiokephalio re- 

 presentation, which has been entirely overlooked by craniographers, and the 

 neglect of which has in several instances, led to very curious mistakes. The 

 ancient Avarian skull found at G-rafonegg, in Austria, by Count Von Brauner, 

 so closely resembled some of the elongated and cylindrically compressed Peru- 

 vian skulls, that Von Tschudi declared it to be of Peruvian origin, and sup- 

 posed that it had been brought over from Peru to Austria with other collections. 

 Prof. Retzius, with greater diagnostic skill, pointed out certain differential 

 characters which were overlooked or regarded as of no importance by Von 

 Tschudi, and pronounced the skull to be indigenous to Europe and to have 

 belonged to the Avarians. This opinion, which at first gained no support, 

 was afterwards proven to be correct by the discovery of similar skulls at 

 . Atsgersdorf, near Vienna, in Austria, at the village of St. Romain in Savoy, 

 and in the valley of the Doubs, not far from Mandeuse. Fitzinger, Troyon, 



[Sept. 



