MODERN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT 97 



in presenting intelligibly the actual development of modern ideas, it 

 has been shown that science lias progressed, with respect to these prob- 

 lems, by abandoning a faith in final causes for a faith in the hypotbesis 

 that works, by draining off every stagnant suspicion of ultimateness in 

 explanation, in the light of the conviction — the product of experience — 

 that the ideas that serve us change with our knowledge of objective 

 fact. I shall now attempt to show that this statement applies with equal 

 force to the development of modern conceptions of adaptation in nature. 



The problem of adaption possesses a peculiar fascination for the 

 imaginations of men. It inheres in every mechanism that meets a 

 human end. Watches, beehives, steamships, reciprocating engines, foci- 

 balls, blackboards, fountain pens and yellow paper — all are obviously 

 fashioned toward ends. Why not that all-inclusive mechanism, the 

 universe itself, and all that in it is? 



When Darwin came upon the field in 18-50, the widespread opposi- 

 tion which evolution theories had already experienced lay intrenched 

 behind an affirmative answer to this question. These were the works, 

 first of all, that Darwin stormed with his "Origin of Species." The 

 struggle did not center about the problem of species, though one may 

 well gather a contrary impression from the familiar abbreviation of the 

 title of that epoch-making book. It is in the sub-title — "the preserva- 

 tion of favored races in the struggle for life" — that one discovers his 

 real objective — a mechanical theory of adaptation in organic nature. 

 It was just because the supporters of organic evolution had lacked such 

 a theory that they had failed to impress, not only the thinking public; 

 but most of their biological brethren. Darwin was not reviled as an 

 atheist because he believed in evolution ; nor for that reason did he revo- 

 lutionize the whole course of modern thought, it was because his; 

 doctrine of natural selection menaced the traditional Hebraic concep- 

 tion of the creation that he was anathematized by the standpatters of 

 his generation. It was because he raised such a powerful presumption 

 against all doctrines of design in organic nature that he was able effect- 

 ively to substitute for doctrines of fixity and finality the fruitful con- 

 ception of change, lie did destroy the doctrine of fixity of species. 

 He did establish the doctrine of evolution in its place. But he did so 

 by eliminating teleological theories from the list of useful hypotheses 

 in science. 



The solution of the problem of adaptation is being sought with 

 diminishing faith in teleological formularies. These are going the way 

 of the other final explanations that have failed to fulfill in modern 

 science the one prime requisite — active leadership. Since Darwin's 

 time the attention of biologists has been shifting from those secondary 

 adaptations which provide the material for natural selection, to the 

 direct or primary adaptive responses of the organism to given condi- 



VOL LXXXU. — 7. 



