236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [1862. 



18. Oxynotus centrina. 



Apost. 8 (Centrina vidpecula), yoopowoil'apo. 



The word is M. G. and means hog-fish. So A. G. yjnp'>?, hog, 

 was used as name of a fish found in the Nile. Strabo 823, Athen. 

 312 A. (vii, 88). 



I saw the ynupow/i'ul'apo in the market at Athens and heard the 



name from the market men, but the specimen was too large to be 



preserved. 



Family SQUATINID^. 



19. Squatina squatina II. * pr^rj. (j), * aupaiV/la (J. 



Not noticed by Apostolides ; pbri (v. 1. /uVa), Arist. 543b 9, 

 540b 11, 746b 6, 543a 14, 565b 25, 1529a 16, 697a 6, 620b 30 31, 

 506b 8, 566a 20 22 27, 622a 13. 



The /5tV>j is one of the aeXdyji, has the gall on tlie liver, has a large tail 

 and copulates belly to belly. It breeds twice a year, in autumn and 

 again about the setting of the Pleiades, producing seven or eight young 

 each time. It allows its young to pass in and out (of its mouth). 

 The phri seems to cross with the /5«ro9 and produce the fish called 

 />:vwo«-«c. This has the head and fore parts of the /5aro9 but the 

 rear parts of the ph-q, as if born from both. Like the oi>o9, /5ar«9 

 and 4'^irTa it buries itself in the sand and then waves the filaments 

 in its mouth. It changes its color to that of the rocks on which it 

 is, or to that of its other surroundings, so that it is not easily seen. 



Athen. vii, 89, says the Xziooa-itq (smooth [ia-oq') is also called 



Family RHINOBATID^. 



20. Rhinobatus columnae (Muller k Henle). 

 Apost. 8. t KaX/Avt.. 



Family TORPEDINID^. 



21. Torpedo torpedo (L). 



Apost. 8 (Torpedo marmorata), -f poudtaarpa, from M.G. p.oudcd!:<o, 

 to benumb. Compare ancient vdpxrj, Aristotle, 506b 9, 505a 4, 

 540b 18, 566a 32, 695b 8 9, 696a 27, 1527b 40, 1530a 12, 696a 31, 

 695b 11, 620b 19 29, 1530a 15, 543b 9, 566a 23, 565b 25, 620b 

 20 26. 



NdpxTj means numbness, torpor, stiffness. The verb '^apxdw means 

 to grow numb, to be stiff, Lat. torpere. 



Arist. gives the following points with regard to the vdpxr/ : 



It is a flat aiXfiyoQ and like all such has its gills underneath it 

 and is ovoviviparous. It has the gall on the liver, has a long spiny 



