1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 243 



Plainly d^piaaa (f^inyta)^ ~f"-'/M ^^^ rrnyiaQ are all derived from 

 Opi'^ (gen. zit'.yo'i) hair. (pji'Maa and cr;Wa are corruptions oi' Optiraa. 



42. Harengula phalerica (Risso). 



Apost. 31 {Meletta phalerica), f -«--«/:'>a. A doubtful species. 



43. Clupeapilchardus (L). H. lafj'Ji/.a (.^, *"/'■/-"' ^" (i)- 



Apost. 32 (Alosa sardma), aapdi/M. lapdlla is It. sardelli. This 

 would seem to be connected by derivation with Lat. sarda, Plin. 

 32, 151 and 46; Sardina Col. 8, 17, 12. la/iorj and ffafidrj'yrj, Galen. 

 lapdr^o?, Arist. 1531a 8, Athen. vii, 137. 



Athenaeus says A'a/.xtds^ and the like, Ofiiaaa'., zpr/ldz'?, kphttjAn. 

 Epainetus, in his work on fishes, says yalxideq, which they also call 

 <Tap8tv()t. Aristotle calls them (the yal/.idz^ or Ipinixoi) rrapdrjot. 



It is evident from the above that the names yaA/.{<h?^ (rapolvoc, 

 Opiffffui and TpiyOhg were used for fishes similar to one another. 

 This corresponds to the M. G. use of d^piana (^Harengula aurlta), 

 (TapoiAa and Tp'.y'.u^. 6pi(7(ra and Tp'.yids^, M. G. rptyto'f, are derived 

 from Opt:, Gen. ~p'-y/>i, hair, and doubtless refer to the fine hair-like 

 bones of the sardines. Sardelli, sardinelli, (rapdtvoc, may be dimin- 

 utives from sarda, and all these words obviously are derived from 

 Iap3<o, the A. G. name of Sardinia. Cf. Athen. iii, 92 for rrapda 

 resemble the xoUa^ in size. 



For rpiyto^ cf rpiyia^ and -/>t/:'9 Arist. 569b 26, 598b 12, 543a 5, 

 1528b 1. The Tpvyia^ breeds twice a year. From the Phaleric 

 y.wolri<; are produced p-spopdihg, from these zptyioz^, and from these 

 rpryiat. The zpiyiat are caught only as they swim into the Pontus, 

 but they are not seen coming out of it. Whenever one is caught 

 in the neighborhood of Byzantium the fishermen cleanse their nets 

 thoroughly, because it is not customary for it to swim out (i. e. 

 they cleanse their nets because the catching of one is so unusual a 

 thing as to be considered an evil omen and contaminating). 



The reason for this is that they swim up the Ister (Danube) to 

 where it splits and then come down into the Adriatic. This is 

 proved by the fact that there the reverse happens ; for they are not 

 caught going into the Adriatic, but only swimming out. 



Athen. vii, 137, rptytds'^. Aristophanes Knights, 662. Tp'.yidt<: 

 a hundred for an obol (3 cents). 



44. Clupea alosa (L). 

 Apost. 32 (Alosa finta). 



