1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 251 



Ki(raAo>i is common in Arist. See 543b 15, 567a 19, 570b 15, 591a 

 13-30, 602a 4,1529b 17. The >ccV«^^"i^ according to Aristotle, is 

 one kind of xsfTTpso^. It begins to be pregnant in November or 

 December and is pregnant thirty days ; it has scales and is ovipar- 

 ous, feeds on mud or slime ; like all the xsffrpsl^ it is not car- 

 nivorous ; these (the xe^rr/^e??) are the only fishes which are not 

 carnivorous, and have never been caught with any flesh in their 

 stomachs. The fishermen never use flesh bait for them, but use 

 barley-cake. The zcffr/ycif all feed on sea-weed and sand. The 

 z^^aAo?, which some call /sAwi/, is a littoral fish. The -/.icpaXot feed 

 on mud, and for this reason they are heavy and slimy. The winter 

 is beneficial to most fishes, but not so to the zso-r/jeu? and 7.i(paXo<i. 

 The z^f a/o? especially suflfers from the rain and cold in winter. 

 Their eyes become white and the fishes become blind and light in 

 weight, and finally die. In the shallows at Nauplia and elsewhere 

 many have been caught blind when there came severely cold 

 weather. The eyes of many were white. Athen. vii, 77-79 under 

 the heading -/.taTpzo^ has many references to the -/.ifahi^, which is 

 regarded as one kind of xscrrpsu^. He says that Dorio in his work 

 on fishes describes the marine division of the x£(TTp£i^ but does not 

 consider the viYer xsa-psn^. He makes the kinds of marine xearpso^ 

 to be xicuXog and vr^TTig. 



Hesychius, under the word xi<puAt)t, says some of the xsffTpel'^ are 

 so called. 



There is some confusion in regard to the relation of the xi<paXf)c 

 and x£(7rpsl?, but in general the xiipakoi are sjwken of as a subdi- 

 vision of the xz(7Tpe'><;. In some places, however, they seem to be 

 distinguished from one another. A'eazpso? seems to have been used 

 in a double sense, at times in a broad sense including the xicpaXoc, 

 and again in a more restricted sense. 



67. Mugil capito (L). H. A'icpaXo? Q. 



A.post. 27 (3fugil ccqnto), -f /.u/idds^ at Chalcis, j iSeXdvtfrsg at 

 Aitolico. For ancient use of xicpaAo? y. sub. Mugil cephahcs. A 

 fish seems to have been called Xaya>?, the hare, in ancient times, 

 but I can fiind nothing definite about it. Lepus marinus, the sea 

 hare, is very common in Pliny, where it is represented as exceed- 

 ingly venomous. Vide Plin. 9, 155, 32, 9. The name most like 

 ftsXavifTe? are i^sAo'^rj and fikiv\io<s. Of the latter Athen. vii, 29, says 

 it resembles the xo>i1'.6<; in appearance. 



