1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 267 



weed. The !).t)jhoopo<; and <raj>Yoi are spotted on their tails (have 

 a spot on their tails), and are much lined and dark-lined. Athen. 

 vii, 93. Hicesius says it is like the ci-irp')^. 



Epicharnuis mentions together (raiiyv/Di and /j.z^.oyou/xn. Latin 

 Mekuiarus, Ennius, Ovid., Plin., etc. Op. Hal. 1, 98. 



There are many references which mention the ij.zh'vjtiufn)^, but 

 they add nothing to our knowledge of it. The meaning of the 

 name so well de.-,cril)ing the fish, and the fact tliat it is still in 

 common use for this species establish its identity. 



131. Dentex dentex (L). H. IwaypiHa (,). 



Apost. 24 {Dentex vulgaris), (TU'Mxy//i<^a. Aristotle fru^aypt^ (gen. 



ffO'/ayii'jJd'}, acc. (TUyaypcSa). 505a 15, 5061) 16. The (ru'^aypi^ has 



four single gills on each side, and the gall bladder on the entrails. 

 Athen. vii, 121, (ru-Miypidt^. Epicharmus mentions these in "Mar- 

 riage of Hebe " and " Land and Sea." 



132. Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch). 



Apost. 24 {Dentex macroplithahnus), <payypi. Cf. Sparus pagriis. 



133. Maena maena (L). 



Apost. 24 25 {Mcena vulgaris, Osheckii and Jasculum, the two 

 latter doubtful species). 



134. Spicara smaris (L). II. Mapcdu (J, * p.avMUjXa (J, * '=VM)uXa (?) 



G): */>i/"-«(,). 



Apost. 25 {Smaris vulgaris and Chrysalis), f crpapi^, f p.api^. In M. 

 G. <u = £, so that p.ahdula {p.ivauXa), ^i'/nuAa and [j.iXw>a {iiikow^a) 

 are evidently all modifications of the same name. Mapida is the 

 regular M. G. equivalent for A. G. p.api'i or irpapi^. Mav/ouXa 

 suggests pa'.^ti, found in Aristotle as name of a fi-h. 610b 4, 

 607b 10-21, 570b 15-30, 569b 28, 1529a 7, 607b 10. The //«£>£? 

 spawns after the winter solstice and is the most prolific of fi-hes. 

 It is good when pregnant. The form of the female is rounder, 

 that of the male longer and flatter. When the female is beurin- 

 ning to be pregnant the male is black and variegated in color. 

 At this time they are called rpdyot (he-goats) by some. They 

 run in schools. Ip.api^, Aristotle 607 b 22. The ffpapi^ changes 

 its color in like manner with the pa'yii, [)eing lighter in winter 

 and darker in summer. Tiiis is most evident around the fins 

 and gills. 



