1892.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 269 



Athenaeus gives many other references to the rpiyX-q, but appar- 

 ently they throw no light upon the identification of the fish. 



139. Mullus barbatus (L). 



Apost. 15 (Mallns barbatus), f zrccaAdrks- at Chalcis. 



140. Mullus fuscatus (Rafinesque). 

 Apost. 15. 



Family SCI^NID^. 



141. Dmbrina cirrosa (L). 



Apost. 18 ( Uiiibruia cirrosa), a/.tu^, Cf. Corvina nigra = Sciaena 

 umbra. 



Aristotle has (T/.ia'..>a 601b 30. He says : " Those fish which 

 have a stone in the head, as ypi'iiu^, /ASpaE, a-/.i(u\>a and (pdypix^ 

 suffer most in the winter. Athen. vii, 121, shows that the (t/Jju-mi 

 was also called ay.ui.hiq by Epicharmus and (T/.t>i.<hnq by Numenius. 



Latin Sdaena and Sdadeus for the female and male respect- 

 ively. Plin. 32, 151. I/.'.<'ti and (t/.'ji.vm/. both seem to be from 

 oxid, shadow ; Latin, Umbra. 



142. Sciaena aquila (Lac). 



Apost. 18 (Scicena aquila), /lo/.o/.o-i, f z,oav;oc at Chalcis. 



143. Sciaena umbra (L). H. MuA,iyy>-t (J, * aapa>1>ho (,), <T/.'.<',q (J. 

 Apost. 18, 19 (Corvina nigra), f (T/.tuq /.aXiay.ooda. According to 



Apostolides 'vjhiy.u-: is common name for Scicena aquila. For ffxjo? 

 see Umbrina cirrosa, Apost. 18. 



Family LABRID^. 



144. Labrus bergylta (Ascanius). 



Apost. 25 (Labrus bergijlta), ythiodiazq, yjlltfi, y^O.tih, y (fuy.<'n}'apo 

 and -zTpo^'apo ^I. G. names for the Labrus. <Puy.oi/'ap(i, r^ <puxo?- 

 fish, may be referred to A. G. (pny.rj^ and cr>y.'\:. The names are 

 manifestly from (fuxo?, sea-weed. Aristotle 567b 20 19, 591b 16, 

 607b 20, 1528a 10, 607b 18, 591b 13. 



The small fuy.tth<; spawn twice a year, the male ((puzr^'i) differs 

 from the female (<f'>y.cq) by being darker and having larger scales. 

 They feed upon the sea-weed ((fny.D^), eat no flesh except that of the 

 xapi'hg (shrimps), change their color, being variegated in the 

 spring but white during the rest of the year, and are the only 

 sea-fishes which make a nest and lay their eggs in the nest. It 



