34 OKI GIN AL ARTICLES. 



The knives may be considered as of t\vo sorts. Some differ from 

 the axes, principally in having their width greater than their length. 

 In other cases they were made of flint flakes. In this manner also 

 were obtained the saws, which in addition had their edges someAvhat 

 rudely dentated ; they were fixed into handles of wood by some sort 

 of cement ; but we do not find in Switzerland any of the semilunar 

 saws, which are frequent in Denmark. 



The arrow-heads were made of flint, or in some cases of rock crystal, 

 and were, as in Ireland, of tliree principal sorts, between which how- 

 ever, there were a great many varieties. The fii'st sort had a diamond 

 shape, the posterior half of which was, in some specimens, shorter 

 and rounded ofl". Tlie second sort had the posterior margin more or 

 less excavated, so that the angles being produced, as it were, into 

 wings, clasped the shaft and enabled the arrow-head to be more 

 firmly fixed. In the third sort, the middle part of the posterior side 

 had a projection which sunk into the shaft. There are also found 

 rounded stones, pierced with one, or sometimes with two holes. The 

 use of these is uncertain, but they may perhaps have been used to 

 sink fishing lines. 



"Waste not, want not," is a proverb which the Lalie- dwellers 

 thoroughly appreciated. Ha\'iug caught any vrild animal, except 

 the hare, they ate the flesh, used the skin for clotliing, picked 

 every fragment of marrow out of the bones, and then in many 

 cases, fashioned the bones themselves into weapons. The larger 

 and more compact ones served as hammers, and, as well as horns 

 of the deer, were used for the handles of hatchets. In some cases 

 pieces of bone were worked to a sharp edge, but they can only 

 have been used to cut soft substances.* Bone harpoons, poig- 

 nards, arrow-heads, and javelin heads also occur, and pins and 

 needles of this material are very common. Teeth also, and par- 

 ticularly those of the wild boar, were used for cutting, and were 

 also, in some cases, worn as ornaments or armlets. There can be 

 little doubt that wood was also extensively used for different pur- 

 poses, but unfortunately most of the implements of this material 

 have perished. A wooden mallet, however, was found at Concise. 



For our knowledge of the animal remains from the Pileworks 

 we are almost entirely indebted to Prof. Eiitimeyer, who has pul)- 

 lished two memoirs on the subject. (Mittheiluugen des Antiq. Ge- 

 sellschaft in Zurich, Bd. xiii. Abth. 2, ISGO ; and, more recently, a 

 separate work. Die Eauna des Pfahlbauten in der Schweiz, 1861.) 

 The bones are in the same fragmentary condition as those from 

 the Kjokkennioddings, and have been opened in the same manner for 

 the sake of the marrow. There is also the same ab.^ence of certain bones 

 and parts of bones, so that it is impossible to reconstruct a perfect 

 skeleton even of the commonest animals. 



The total number of species amounts to about 66, of which 10 are 



* According to Sir E. Belcher, however, shaipenccl pieces of horn are used 

 by the Esquimaux in the preparation of flint -weapons. 



