LUBBOCK ON THE ANCIENT LAKE HABITATIONS OF SWITZERLANI). 39 



of an Ox (-B. trochoceros) wliich does not occur in tlie earlier 

 Pileworks. In considering whether a given animal was wild 

 or domesticated, we must be guided by the folloTvdng considera- 

 tions : the number of individuals represented ; the relative propor- 

 tions of young and old ; the absence or presence of very old individuals, 

 at least of species that served for food ; the traces of long, though 

 indirect, selection, in diminishing the size of any natural weapons 

 which might be injurious to man ; the direct action of man dining 

 the lile of the animal ; and finally the texture and condition of the 

 bones. 



Applying these considerations to the Sus palustris from Moos- 

 seedorf, it is evident, firstly, that the argument derivable from the 

 number of young specunens loses much of its force on account of 

 the great fertility of the Sow, and the ease with which the yoimg 

 can be found and"^ destroyed ; secondly, in the number of individuals 

 represented, it is equalled by the S'tag, vvhich certainly was never 

 domesticated ; thirdly, some bones of very old individuals have been 

 found and some of very young, even of unborn pigs ; the small- 

 ness of the tusks is, according to M. Eiitimeyer, a characteristic of 

 the race and not an evidence of domestication ; the bones are of a 

 firm and close texture, and the only cases of decay have arisen from 

 an extreme degradation of the teeth, which would certainly be 

 unlikely to occur in a domestic animal, finally, none of the teeth 

 show traces of any filing or other preparation, except such as may 

 have taken place after the death of the animal, from all of which 

 reasons M. Eiitimeyer infers that the inhabitants of Moosseedorf 

 had not yet succeeded in taming either the Sus scrofa palustris or 

 the Sus scrota ferus. 



M. Eiitimeyer has paid great attention to the texture and condi- 

 tion of the bones themselves, and in many cases can from these 

 alone distinguish the species, and even determine whether the bone 

 belonged to a wild or a domesticated animal. 



In wild animals the bones are of a firmer and closer texture, 

 there is an indescribable, but to the accustomed eye very characteristic, 

 scvdpturing of the external surface, produced by the sharj^er and 

 more numerous impressions of vessels, and the greater roughness 

 of the surfaces for the attachment of muscles. There is also an 

 exaggeration of all projections and ridges, and a diminution of all 

 indilferent surfaces. In the consideration of the remains of Oxen, these 

 distinctions have proved of the greatest importance. By their assist- 

 ance, and this is in some respects the most interesting part of the 

 work, M. Eiitimeyer has convinced himself that besides the two wild 

 species of Bos, namely the Urus (B. primigenhis) and the Aurochs 

 {B. bison or Bison Europeus), three domestic races of Oxen occur in 

 PileworlvS. 



The first of these is allied to, and in his opinion descended from, 

 the Urus, and he therefore calls it the Primigenius race. This variety 

 occurs in aR the Pileworks of the Stone period. The second or 

 Trochoceros race, he correlates with a fossil species described luider 



