LUBBOCK ON THE ANCIENT LAKE HABITATIONS OF SWITZEELAND. 45 



and even now constitutes the principal food of the poorer classes. In 

 what manner the ground was prepared for the cultivation of corn we 

 know not, as no agricultural implements have as yet been found 

 except sickles : it is probable however that bent stakes supplied the 

 place of the plough. 



Carbonised Apples and Pears have also been found at Wangen, 

 sometimes whole, sometimes cut into two, or more rarely into four 

 pieces, which had evidently been dried and put aside for winter use. 

 The apples are more frequent than the pears, and have been found 

 not only at "Wangen, but also at Eobenhauseu in Lake Pfeffikon, 

 and at Concise in Lake Neufchatel. Both apples and pears are small 

 and resemble those which still grow wild in the Swiss forests. No 

 traces of the Vine, the Cherry, or the Damson have yet been met with, 

 but stones of the Wild Plum and the Prunus padus have been found. 

 Seeds of the Easpberry and Blackberry and shells of the Hazel nuts 

 and beechnuts occur plentifully in the mud. 



From aU this, therefore, it is evident that the nourishment of the 

 dwellers in the Pileworks consisted of corn and wild fruits, of fish, 

 and the flesh of wild and domestic animals. Doubtless also milk waa 

 an important article of their diet. 



The list of plants found in the Pileworks stands as follows : — 

 Pinus abies. 

 „ picea. 

 „ sylvestris. 

 Quercus Eobur. 

 Fagus sylvaticus. 

 Populus tremula. 

 Betula alba. 

 Alnus glutinosa. 

 Corylus avellana. 

 Prunus spinosa. 



„ padus. 

 Eubus idasus. 



„ fruticosus. 

 Wlieat. 

 Hordeum distichum. 



„ hexastichon. 



Trapa natans.— This species was supposed to be extinct in 

 Switzerland ; but, as M. Troyon informs me by letter, it has recently 

 been discovered in a living condition. It has, however, become very 

 rare. 



Plax. 

 Hemp. 

 Juncus. 

 Arundo. 

 Neither Oats nor Rye have yet been found. Small pieces of twine 

 and bits of matting made of hemp and flax may have been parts of 

 some article of clothing. Por the latter purpose also there can be 



