26 OEIGnfAL ARTICLES. 



into leaves.* Had Baillon read the passage in Eieliard, to wliicK he 

 refers, he would have seen that Richard correctly regarded the gall as a 

 leafy branch, changed by the attacks of some insect into a false cone. 

 Degeei't describes the insect by which these galls are made, {Chermes 

 o&ie^2>, Linn.), and figures it and its gall. J He says, " those who 

 have no accurate botanical knowledge, may readily mistake the galls for 

 fir-cones and fruit." Kaltenbach§ says, in like manner, "that these 

 galls closely resemble fir-cones, and may readily be confounded with 

 them by ignorant people." || 



From the observations given above, it is certain that the flowers 

 of AbietineaB, consist of naked ovules rising from a carpel, and not of 

 pistils springing from an axis. It has been almost universally 

 acknowledged by authors, from the time of Richard down to that of 

 Baillon,^ that the flowers of Conifers and Cycads, are almost uniform 

 in structure, following the same laws, with very trifling difierences. 

 It appears, therefore, probable that the ovules of all Conifers, Taxiis 

 included, are borne on carpels and not on the axis, though at first 

 sight this appears incredible. I shall return to this subject elsewhere. 



V. — Osr THE Ancient Lake Habitations of Switzeeland, 

 By John Lubbock, Esq., F.E.S. 



Archeology forms the link between Geology and History — the past 

 and the present. If in its more recent portions it is scarcely distin- 

 guishable from History, yet when we pass back to its commencement, 

 we find ourselves to have imperceptibly glided into the domain of 

 Geology, without noticing any boundary to sejDarate the one from the 

 other. The beginning of Archseology being, in fact, but the end of 

 Geology, it is not surprising that they should, in the course of their 

 development, have presented some remarkable analogies. M. Morlot 

 has well pointed these out in his " Le^on d'ouverture d'un cours sur 

 la haute antiquite, fait a I'Academie de Lausanne." 



Even, indeed, as the remains of extinct animals were at first sup- 

 posed to be few and far between, whereas, in fact, the surface of the 

 earth is made up of the dust and skeletons of our predecessors, so 

 the relics of man, long looked upon as rare and exceptional in their 

 occurrence, are gradually presenting themselves in unexpected pro- 

 fusion. Loth, however, to distrust the existing chronology, our 

 antiquaries long referred all the most beautiful and well-made wea- 

 pons to the Romans, just as all fossils were attributed to the 

 action of the Deluge. Passing on, then, with a graceful compliment to 



* 1. c. p. 1 1. \ Geschichte von Insckten, deutsch von Gbtze, iii. p. 66, et seq. 



X T. viii. f. 1 — 29. § Monographic dcr Familie der Pflanzenlause, p. 202. 



II I may further refer, for information about these galls and the insect which 

 produces thein, to Burmcister, Handbuch der Entomologie, ii. 1. abtheil, p. 90, and 

 Koch, die Pllanzcnlause (aphider), p. .317, where the insect is well figrnxd at f. 387 

 and 388. ^ 1. c. p. 11. 



