HOTJGHTON O^ AEISTOTLE's HISTOET OF ANIMALS. 145 



these as well as on the lower parts. Of land animals, many, as was 

 said before, obtain their food from the water, but of aquatic animals 

 which admit sea-water not one gets its food from the land. There 

 are some animals which, for the first part of their existence, live in 

 the water, and then assume other forms, and live out of it, as is the 

 case with the gnats in the streams and the oistroi.* Again, some 

 animals are stationary, others locomotive; the stationary animals 

 are in the water, but of land animals not one is stationary. Now, 

 in the water many animals li\^e in the condition of being fixed to 

 something, as many kinds of testaceous molluscs ; and even the 

 sponge appears to possess some sensation, evidence of which is to be 

 seen in the fact that, as people say, it is with more difficulty torn 

 away unless its removal be effected by stealth.f 8ome animals are 

 both fixed and free, as is the case ^^dth a certain kind of acalephce 

 so-called, J for some of these get free by night and take their food ; 

 and many animals are free but motionless, as oysters and the holo- 

 thuria§ so-called. Some are swimming animals, as fish, and those 

 {cejjhalopodous) molluscs, which are soft externally, || and Crustacea, 

 as the Carahoi*\ others are walking animals, as the race of crabs, 

 for these, though water animals in their nature, go on their feet. 

 Of land animals, some are winged, as birds and bees, and those 

 differ in some respects one from the other; others are footed 

 animals, of which some are Avalking, some creeping, some wriggling ; 

 but there is no animal which is solely capable of flying in the same 



* This passage is regarded by Schneider as coriiipt. As to the ifiitiQ and 

 olffrpof, see notes on i. 5. § 5. 



f For the different kinds of sponges mentioned by Ai-istotle, see v. 14, and note. 

 It is interesting to find Aristotle asserting the animal nature of sponges, though the 

 evidence given as a proof thereof may not recommend itself to the zoologist ; he 

 expresses a doubt, however, in his ti'eatise {De partibus Animulium, iv. 5.) whether 

 sponges ought to be classed with animals or plants. 



J aKaXi](pr). The fixed acaleph is represented by our sea anemone, ^cfm/a; the 

 wandering acaleph by the Mcdusidcs, see iv. 7, and Pliny, N. //. ix. 45. 



§ 6\o9ovpia, which occurs nowhere else in the Hist. A?iivi., is mentioned again 

 in the Depart. Anim. iv. 5, with sponges, Pulmograde Medusaj, i-KvtviiovtQ) " and 

 other marine things of a like nature." It is probable that the Echinoderm of that 

 name {Ilolothuria) may be intended, though perhaps the asteroid polype Alcf/onium, 

 may be included. With respect to the incapability of moving ascribed by Aristotle 

 to the holothuria and some of the testaceous molluscs, it must be remembered that 

 our author lived in days when aquai-iums were xmknown, and that he judged pro- 

 bably from the almost lifeless appearance which certain marine animals exhibit 

 when examined out of the water. 



II TCI fiaXc'iKia denote those genera of the Cephalopoda which have no externai 

 shells, such as Sepia, LoUgo, and Octopua. See iv. 1. § 1. 



^ KupajSoi. It is uncertain what crustacean this tenn signifies. The descrip- 

 tion as given by Aristotle (iv. 2.) agrees in some respects with the 2^alinnrid<£. 

 Schneider says " de Carabo arniotandum cum minime congruere cum cancro homaro 

 Linn, quorum compararunt hucusque viri docti." He is inchncd rather to refer the 

 Kcipa^oQ to the Cancer ehphas, Herbst. and has a dissertation on the subject in 

 Dcr Gese.lhchoft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Maijazin. Vol. I. P. iii, 

 p. 163. seqq. 



