LUBBOCK ON THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN". 251 



savage had no j^vich choice of tools ; we see before us perhaps the 

 whole contents of his workshop ; and with these weapons, rude as 

 they seem to us, he may have cut down trees, scooped them out 

 into canoes, grubbed up roots, killed animals and enemies, cut up his 

 food, made holes in winter through the ice, prepared firewood, built 

 huts, and in some cases at least they may have served as slingstones. 

 When, however, we shall have considered the physical evidence as to 

 the then condition of the country, and the contemporary animals, 

 Ave shall better be able to form a conception of the habits of these 

 our long lost progenitors. 



For I have as yet but partly answered the second of the two 

 questions with which we started. Even admitting that the flint 

 hatchets are coeval with the gravel in which they occur, it remains 

 to be shown that the bones of the extinct animals belong also to the 

 same period. With reference indeed to two of those ordinarily 

 quoted as belonging to this group, there may still be some little 

 doubt. It seems very questionable whether any remains really be- 

 longing to the cave-bear have ever occurred in these beds, as will 

 presently be mentioned, and though a few tusks of the hippoj)otamus 

 have been found, yet (as this genus never occurs in the corres- 

 ponding beds of Germany) it is possible that they may have been 

 washed out of some older stratum. 



But as regards the elephant and the rhinoceros the case is differ- 

 ent. There is not the slightest reason to doubt that they really 

 belong to this period and, in the case of the rhinoceros, we have the 

 evidence of M. Baillon that the bones of the hind leg of a rhinoceros 

 were found, at Menchecourt, in their relative situations, while the 

 rest of the skeleton was discovered at a little distance. In this case, 

 therefore, the body must have been entombed before the decay of the 

 ligaments. Sir Cornewall Lewis, however, iu his interesting and 

 able, even if unsatisfactory work, on the Astronomy of the Ancients, 

 argues that even if we must give an afiirmative answer to the 

 two first questions, and admit the coexistence of man in Western 

 Europe with the mammoth and tichorine rhinoceros ; still we may do 

 this by bringing these animals down to a later period, as weU as by 

 carrying man back to an earlier one. 



Fairly admitting this, let us now, therefore, turn to the physical 

 evidence in the case, and see how far this will enable us to give any, 

 and if so what, answer, to the third of the above questions. 



In this part of the subject I shall be principally indebted for my 

 facts to Mr. Prestwich, who has long studied the quaternary beds, 

 and has done more than any other man to render them intelligible. In 

 most of his conclusions I entirely concur, but I may perhaps be per- 

 mitted to mention that though the following statements are given on 

 his authority, I have verified almost the whole of them for myself, 

 having had the ad\antage of visiting, with him and Mr. Evans, many 

 localities not only in the valley of the Somme, but also along the 

 banks of the Seine and its tributaries. 



N. H. R.— 1862. T 



