LUBBOCK ON THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN. 257 



are very difficult otherwise to imderstaiid. We are, iudeed, irresisti- 

 bly reminded of the figure given by 8ir Charles Lj^ell* from a 

 view taken by Lieut. Bowen, of the boulders drifted by ice on the 

 shores of the St. Lawrence. I wish that I could transfer this view 

 to our pages ; but Sir C. Lyell's work must be in the hands of almost 

 every geologist, and it will, perhaps, therefore, be unnecessary for me 

 to quote the accompanying description, accurately as it portrays what 

 must, I think, have been taliing place in the valley of the Somme thou- 

 sands of years ago, just as it does in the St. LawTence at the present 

 time. Nor does the physical evidence only, point to a more arctic cli- 

 mate during the period now under consideration ; the fauna also tells 

 the same tale. The moUusca, indeed, do not afford much evidence, 

 but though mainly the same as those now living in the country, they 

 have rather northern tendencies, 35 out of the 43 species being at pre- 

 sent found in Finland.f With the mammalia the case is difterent. The 

 Reindeer, the Musk Ox, the Norwegian Lemming, and the still 

 more ^Arctic Myodes torquatus, all of which occur in the drift, 

 are decidedly indications of a cold climate. The circumstances 

 attending the discovery of the Tichorhine rhinoceros in Siberia, the 

 fact of the Mammoth of the Lena being enveloped in ice so soon 

 after death that the flesh had not had time to decay, as well as the 

 manner in which these extinct Pachydermata were provided against 

 cold, all tend to show that the ^lephas primigenius and the Rhino- 

 ceros ticliorhinus, unlike their congeners of to-day, were inhabitants 

 rather of Arctic than Tropical climates. That there are in this argu- 

 ment two weak points, I must frankly admit. In the first place, it 

 may be objected that the Hippopotamus major, of which bones occur 

 in the drift, could scarcely have existed in a cold country. Mr. 

 Prestwich, indeed, suggests that this species may, perhaps, like its 

 gigantic relatives, have been fitted to flourish in an arctic climate. 

 But there is some difference of opinion as to its occurrence ; it 

 has not yet been found in the " diluvium" of Germany, (Sir C. Lyell, 

 Supplement to Manual, 1857, p. 8), and though remains of it have 

 undoubtedly occurred in the drift gravel of the Somme, there is 

 some reason to believe that they are not in quite the same condi- 

 tion as the bones of the Elephant and Rhinoceros ; it is possible, there- 

 fore, that they may belong, as Dr. Falconer suggests, to an anterior 

 period. Secondly, it might also be argued, that the animals above- 

 mentioned, though at present confined to the colder regions, may 

 once have lived in temperate countries. Lentil lately we should 

 have regarded the Tiger as an essentially tropical animal ; yet it is 

 now known to be common in the neighbourhood of Lake Aral, in the 

 forty-fifth degree of north latitude ; and " the last Tiger killed, in 

 " 1828, on the Lena, in lat. 521", was in a climate colder than that 

 " of St. Petersburg and Stockholm. "J 



• Principles, 1853, p. 220. f Proc. Roy. Soc. 1862, p. 44. 



X Lyell, Principles, p. 77. 



