352 REVIEWS. 



resting the cranium upon its base, and looking down vertically upon 

 the summit. Besides this " norma verticalis," Prof. v. Baer adopts, 2. a 

 " norma occipitalis,''' wliieh is obtained by the placing of the skull in 

 the horizontal position, in the line of sight of the observer Avho 

 should view it at a certain distance. In this view the most marked 

 and distinctive differences of contour will be observed, although as 

 remarked by v. Baer, the foundation of them all is a pentagon. 



3. A norma frontalis, or the view obtained by looking at the skull 

 placed in the same position, from the front. 



The measures proposed and used by v. Baer are : — 



1. The Length of the skull measured from the glabella to the 

 most projecting part of the occiput — unless that should happen to 

 be the much developed superior occipital ridge or spine. 



2. The Breadth — measured at the widest part— the points as to 

 height above the auditory openings on each side where this is placed 

 being noted. 



3. The Height, measured from the level of the anterior and poste- 

 rior borders of the foramen magnum, to the most distant point of the 

 vertex. 



4. But since the height measured in this way does not correspond 

 with that of the cranium, regarded as in a horizontal position, and 

 consequently would not agree with the height as shown in a photo- 

 graphic figure or geometric drawing — this dimension may be mea- 

 sured in a second manner, or in the perpendicular dii'ection as it may 

 be termed. This measure is taken by placing one branch of the stem- 

 compasses (Stengelzirkel), beneath the foramen maguiun, and pa- 

 rallel with the plane of the zygomatic arch, and the other on the 

 highest part of the cranium. 



5. The horizontal circumference of the cranium measured in the 

 usual way by means of a graduated tape passed round its greatest 

 circumference on a level with the glabella. 



G. The cranial arc measured longitudinally in the mesial line, and 

 commencing at the fronto-nasal suture. The entire arc is subdi-vdded 

 into fom- portions, one extending from the fronto-nasal svitm-e to the 

 junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, a second corresponding 

 'in length to the sagittal suture, a third from the termination of this 

 to the spine of the occiput, and the fourth from this point to the 

 posterior border of the foramen magnum. 



7. The chord of this great arc is the distance from the anterior 

 border of the foramen magnum to the fronto-nasal sutui-e. This line 

 may be taken as representing the distance between the root of tlie nose 

 and the anterior margin of the foramen magnum, but as it includes the 

 width of the frontal sinuses, it cannot be regarded as showing the sum 

 of the bodies of the cranial vertebrae, which can only be properly mea- 

 sured in the sawn skull. 



8. The position of the foramen magnum, estimated from the most 

 prominent part of the occiput. 



9. The greater or less development of the occiput may also be 



