358 EEYIEAVS. 



degree of prognathism and of occipital prolongation, zygomatic breadth, 

 and so on, may also readily be expressed and placed in columns, so 

 that the comparison of one set of forms with another, and their aver- 

 age values, may be seen at a glance. 



Having said so much on the subject of measurements, our space 

 will allow of but few observations on that of the graphic representa- 

 tion of the cranium, to which, however, even greater importance 

 should be attached. 



The objects to be held in view in preparing figures of crania 

 for scientific purposes, are— 1. That the cranium should invariably 

 be represented in a certain defined position ; 2. that it should be 

 represented either of the natural size, or reduced to a given pro- 

 portion ahke in aU cases ; 3. that so many figures should be 

 given of each cranium, as without any perspective may afli^ord a 

 sufficient idea of the outHne of a section of the cranium in the 

 three dimensions of length, hreadth, and height, together with a 

 view of the face, as seen in front, and of the base, regarded in 

 the horizontal plane. Five figures of a skull are consequently, in 

 our opinion, indispensably requisite to aflTord an adequate idea of its 

 conformation. 



Three modes of delineation with these objects in view may be 

 followed. 1. That of geometric projection, so ably advocated, and 

 so usefully employed by Professor Luc», and described by him in 

 the Memoir above cited, and to which the reader is referred. 2. By 

 photography ; and 3. By means of the camera lucida. Not having 

 had an opportunity of seeing Dr. Lucse's apparatus, we can only say 

 with reference to it that it appears extremely well adapted to the 

 purpose, and probably easy of application ; and that the figures draAvn 

 by its means must necessarily, if carefully done, be faithful trans- 

 cripts of the object, as seen in a geometric plane. But as we do not 

 naturally see objects in such a plane, it is obvious that figures so 

 represented must to the eye appear unnatural, and unlike the object 

 itself from which they are taken. If a cranium, for instance, be held 

 at the usual distance from the eye, the more distant parts are neces- 

 sarily seen in perspective — and so far, a figure drawn mthout allow- 

 ance for this, must be unlike the original, when placed alongside it. 

 The fact is that no drawing can really represent more than a single 

 plane, so as to admit of distances being measured iipon it. ^ And it 

 follows, therefore, that all the objects proposed in geometric draw- 

 ings, such as those of Prof. Lucje, wiU be answered by having figm-es 

 of each plane, in which it may be desired to take the measure- 



usefiilly, suggests that crania, as regards their general proportions, might be arranged 

 in three categories : — 



I. Cranes dolicocepliales J ^; P^^^ dolice'phales, ent're 75 ct 79.6 

 II. Cranes mesaticephales 77.7 „ 79-6 



T.T/-(. t- u 'II ^A. sous brachycephales . 80 „ 84.9 

 lU. Cranes brachycepliales j ^ ^^^^-^^^ ^ ^ _ . 85 ct ou dcla. 



