PHANEROaAMIA. 439 



with solid, granular or vesicular substances in the cells. (4.) 

 Brown and grey, and in many cases bright red and orange, appa- 

 rently uniform to the unaided eye, are found to be compounded 

 of other colours, as yellow, green or orange with violet, or green 

 and red ; bright red and orange, in like manner, of blue-red with 

 yellow or orange ; (5.) Black, excepting in the Bean, is due to a 

 very deeply coloured cell-sap ; (6.) All the cells of an organ are 

 rarely uniformly coloured. (7.) The colour usually resides in 

 one, or in a few, of the outer cell-layers. (8.) The coloured cells 

 are but exceptionally covered by a layer of imcoloured ones. 

 (9.) Combinations of colour are occasioned by diversely coloured 

 matters in the same, or in adjacent cells. 



HiNCKS, W. — An Attempt at an unproved Classification of Fruits. 

 Canad. Journ. ISGl. 495. 



Exhibited in a tabular form, which does not admit of material 

 abridgement. 



Haetig, Th. — Ueber die Bewegung des Saftes in den Holzpflanzen. 

 Bot. Z. 1861. p. 17. 



With the results of investigations subsequent to the publication 

 of the author's previous paper on the same subject (Bot. Z. 1858). 



1. The Bleeding of the Hornbeam (Carpinus). When the 

 stem is tapped in April, the flow of sap varies at different hours 

 of the day ; beginning to flow about 9 p.m., it finds a maximum 

 between 2 and 4 a.m., continues till about midday, and then ceases 

 imtil evening. Dr. Hartig found, during the hours of the after- 

 noon, that not only does the flow of sap cease, but that it is re- 

 absorbed by the wound from the chamber of his apparatus. He 

 describes the means employed to ascertain the force of this suction, 

 which was found equivalent to a column of mercury 17 1 inches in 

 height, although at the time of the expeViment it is probable the 

 time of most active bleeding had ah-eady passed. The insufficiency 

 of the endosmose hypothesis to explain the phenomenon is pointed 

 out, and attention directed to the influence upon the ascent of sap 

 of the varying relations of the fluid and gaseous contents of the 

 conducting tissues, due to the increased or diminished density of 

 the latter. 



2. Liber Sap. Flowing in spring from incisions cut -with the 

 point of a knife obliquely or horizontally through the bark-layers 

 of several trees (as the Maple, Beech, Oak, Lime, &c ) and usually 

 abounding in sugar. If incisions be made from below upwards on 

 the same side of the tree, sap flows from each wound ; if cut from 

 above downwards, from the uppermost only : hence the conclusion 

 that Bast-sap descends. This is constant, however, only in Rohinia 

 pseudacacia. Li the Maple, sap will flow from the lower woimds 

 if they be cut more deeply than the upper. 



3. Cambium Sap. By scraping the newly-formed wood-cells 

 of the cambium-layer from the svu-face of the alburnum attei' the 

 removal of the bark in spring, and separating their fluid contents 



