POPULAR MISCELLANY. 



281 



Sergi, Giuseppe, Editor. Eivista di Pedago- 

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 Vol. I, No. 3. Pp. 6i. 



Shufeldt, R. W. Parasites of Birds. Pp. 41. 

 Photographing a Live Specimen of Gambrel's 

 Partridge. Pp. 3, with Thr^e Plates. 



Smith, Eugene A. Geological Surveys in 

 Alabama. Pp. 131. The Post-Eocene Forma- 

 tions of the Coastal Plain of Alabama. Pp. Vi. 



Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report of 

 the Board of Regents to July, 1892. Washing- 

 ton: Government Pricting Office. Pp. 811. 



Stoddard, Charles Augustus. Beyond the 

 Rockies. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 

 Pp.214. $1.50. 



Tariff, The, etc.. Acts of 1890 and the Bill, 

 H. R. 4861. Washington: Senate Committee of 

 Finance. Pp. 890. 



Tarr, Ralph S. Lake Cayuga a Rock Basin. 

 Rochester, N. Y. : Geological Society of America. 

 Pp.20. 



The Technical World, Washington, D. C. 

 Monthly. Specimen pages . $3 a year. 



Todd, Mabel Loomis. Total Eclipses of the 

 Sun. Boston: Roberts Brothers. Pp.244. 



Tufts College Studies. No. 1. Three Papers. 

 Pp. 48. 



University of Pennsylvania. Report on the 

 Department of Archasology and Palseoutology. 

 Pp. 29. 



Ward, Lester F., Washington. Fossil Cy- 

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Webb, De Witt, M. D. The Shell Heaps of the 

 East Coast of Florida. United States National 

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Williams, C. T. Aerotherapeutics, or the 

 Treatment of Lung Diseases v Climate. New 

 Y'ork: Macmillan Ji Co. Pp.187. $2. 



Winchel), N. H. Geological and Natural His- 

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WMnslow, Arthur. The Coal Measures of 

 Missouri. Pp. 8. The Art and Development of 

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Wright, Carroll D Eighth Annual Report of 

 the Commissioner of Labor, 1893. Washington: 

 Government Printing Office. Pp. 707. 



POPULAR MISCELLANY. 



Stadies of Lakes. Lakes, says Mr. Al- 

 bert P. Brigham, belong within the domain 

 of what is sometimes called geographical 

 geology. Their geographical interest is not 

 small. Their variety in size, from the 

 smallest natural ponds up to inland seas, 

 their diversity in shape, depth, and altitude, 

 and their great numbers, are facts which 

 strike the attention and suggest inquiry. 

 Studied geologically, lakes open up an im- 

 portant body of facts. Primeval continents 

 could not have progressed far in their 

 growth before lake-making conditions be- 

 gan to appear. Viewed individually, lakes 

 are affairs of short life. Geological forces 

 are always making lake basins, and such 



basins are constantly being destroyed by 

 filling with sedimeut, or by the cutting down 

 of their rims ; or, the basin may remain, 

 while the lake is destroyed by desiccation. 

 On most competent authority, the numer- 

 ous lakes of the Scottish Highlands are but 

 a fraction of what have formerly existed. 

 The variety of forces whose action aids in 

 bringing lakes into being has suggested the 

 most convenient classification of lakes that 

 is, according to their origin. Thus we have 

 a relatively small group of lakes of volcanic 

 origin, occupying old craters or valleys ob- 

 structed by lava. More important is the 

 group of orographic lakes, or those due to 

 deformation of the earth's crust. Here be- 

 long the lakes of the Great Basin. In lime- 

 stone countries, solution lakes are not un- 

 common, and this agency has been operative 

 in enlarging many basins due primarily to 

 other agencies. Landslip lakes have been 

 noticed by Lyell, and Gilbert records the 

 formation of small lakes behind landslip ter- 

 races. River and shore lagoons must be 

 named in any full classification, while gla- 

 ciation, in one way or another, is responsi- 

 ble for the existence of most lakes. Here 

 we have the ice-dam or temporary type, as 

 Agassiz and Iroquois, the kettle-hole group, 

 which is often made to include what Geikie 

 calls " Lakes of the Plains," and which he 

 defines as lakes that " lie in hollows of the 

 covering of detritus left on the surface of 

 country when the ice-sheets and icebergs re- 

 treated." Thus they differ from the kettle- 

 hole ponds, which are thought to have fre- 

 quently originated by the sliding of debris 

 from stranded bergs or ice masses isolated 

 by retreat of the main sheet. Other glacial 

 lakes are due to morainic dams in valleys, 

 and yet others are in whole or in part rock 

 basins, due to glacial excavation ; of these 

 are the lakes of New York. 



The Beginnings of Speech. Andre Le- 

 fevre, in his book on Races and Languages, 

 postulates as the origin of speech that the 

 animal is already in possession of the two 

 significant elements of language : the cry, 

 spontaneous and reflexive, of emotion and 

 need ; the cry, already intentional, of warn- 

 ing, menace, and appeal. From these two 

 sorts of cry man, endowed with a richer 

 vocal apparatus and less limited cerebral 



