LITERARY NOTICES. 



849 



from deep wells ; to spraying oil into petro- 

 leum furnaces : as a stirrer, cooler, etc., in 

 various chemical manufacturing processes ; in 

 pneumatic elevators, cranes, and hoisting ma- 

 chinery; in pneumatic transmission tubes; 

 in refrigerating and ventilating; in the pro- 

 piilsion of cars ; in the purification of water 

 supplies ; and in various other operations 

 in which compressed air appears as a pow- 

 er, " ever ready to do our bidding, sum- 

 moned or dismissed by the simple turning 

 of a valve." 



In his Contributions to the Morphology of 

 Cladoselache (Cladodus) a fossil shark- 

 considerable attention is given by Bashford 

 Dean, of Columbia College, to the develop- 

 ment of the fins and of the heterocercal 

 structure. (Published by Ginn & Co., Boston.) 



The Eighth Annual Report of the Com- 

 mimoner of Labor for 1892 relates to in- 

 dustrial education, and comprises the results 

 of inquiries on the subject made at home and 

 abroad. The schedule of questions under 

 which the information was obtained covered 

 a wide scope, and included such topics as the 

 age of the student workman, the occupations 

 he had followed, the nature of his previous 

 training, his proficiency in the use of tools 

 and material, whether he attained an average 

 degree of skill and efficiency in the use of 

 tools quicker than those who had not had 

 manual or trade training, whether he had 

 acquired greater economy in the use of ma- 

 terials, whether he was more proficient in 

 the things that indicate mental cultivation, 

 whether he promised to become a more in- 

 telligent workman, whether he received bet- 

 ter compensation than persons not coming 

 from the technical schools, and many other 

 points. In its original work the department 

 has received the aid of several men experts 

 and specialists not generally employed by 

 it, to whom acknowledgment is made by 

 name. Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner. 



Number 4 of Volume V of Studies from 

 the Biological Laboratory of Johns Hopkins 

 University contains four papers. The first 

 and most extended of these is an account of 

 An Undescribed Acraniate : Asymmetron 

 Lucayanum, by E. A. Andrews. The crea- 

 ture is a small lancelet found in the Bahamas. 

 Maynard M. Metcalf furnishes for this num- 

 ber Contributions to the Embryology of Chi- 

 ton, a first paper, and Dr. John P. Lotsy 

 VOL XLV 61 



contributes the beginning of an opus on The 

 Formation of the So-called Cypress Knees. 

 The fourth paper is a brief statement on The 

 Origin and Development of the Stichidia and 

 Tetrasporangia in Dasya Elegans, by B. W. 

 Barton. The several papers are accompanied 

 by plates and figures. 



The sixth special report of the United 

 States Commissioner of Labor, Hon. Carroll 

 D. Wright, is an account of The Phosphate 

 Industry of the United States. This industry 

 is carried on in South Carolina and in Florida, 

 having become established first in South 

 Carolina, and extends somewhat into adjoin- 

 ing States. The report describes these two 

 chief fields separately, giving the geology of 

 each, an account of the methods and ma- 

 chinery employed in mining each of the sev- 

 eral kinds of phosphate rock, statements of 

 analyses, and general observations. There 

 are also detailed statistics as to rates of 

 wages, prices of machinery, royalties to the 

 State in South Carolina, freight charges, and 

 other elements in the cost of production, the 

 quantities consumed in a term of years, etc. 

 The report is illustrated with several photo- 

 graphic views and diagrams, and two folded 

 maps. 



An article by Arlhur Hollick, reprinted 

 from the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical 

 Club, on Additions to the Palceobotany of the 

 Cretaceous Formation on Long Island, de- 

 scribes forty-six species of plants (leaves) 

 found in this formation, additional to the 

 ten species described in a previous paper. 

 Of these, nine species are new. An accom- 

 panying paper Some Further Notes on the 

 Geology of the North Shore of Long Island 

 embodies a discussion of the " preglacial " 

 or " yellow gravel " of the district named, 

 and its probable relation to the cretaceous 

 of New Jersey. 



At an educational conference on geogra- 

 phy held in Chicago in December, 1892, W. 

 M. Davis, C. F. King, and G. L. Collie were 

 appointed to prepare a selected list of topo- 

 graphical maps published by the various 

 Government bureaus, making special men- 

 tion of such sheets as might best illustrate 

 the physical features of our country. It was 

 desired that the list should be distributed 

 among school superintendents and teachers 

 as an aid in securing for the high schools 

 the specified maps, together with the map of 



