8o 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



FOEEIGN ASSOCIATES OF NATIONAL SOCIETIES. 11. 



By Peofessob EDWARD C. PICKERING 



HARVARD COLLEGE OBSERVATORY 



A HISTORY of the sciences and of scientific men during the last 

 two centuries, by M. Alphonse de Candolle, was published in 

 1873. A table is given showing the foreign membership in various 

 societies for the four epochs, 1750, 1789, 1829 and 1869, at intervals 

 of about forty years. Since another interval of forty years has now 

 elapsed, it may be of interest to compare the results with those at the 

 present time. The earlier part of Table I. is taken from M. de Can- 

 dolle's volume, page 176. The country is given in the first column. 

 Scandinavia includes Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Austria in- 

 cludes Hungary. Russia includes Poland. Spain includes Portugal. 

 A few scattering names are similarly included. The percentages of 

 membership in the various countries are given in the following col- 

 umns, the year being given in the first line of the headings and the 

 letters designating the various societies being given in the second line. 

 F, B, G and R denote the Institute of France, the Royal Society of 

 London, the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Imperial 

 Academy of St. Petersburg, respectively. Since only foreign member- 

 ship is included, dashes are inserted in the case of home societies. 

 Thus, in the first line, dashes are inserted in the column headed G, 

 since no Germans could be foreign members of the Prussian Academy. 

 Some of the results to be derived from Table I. will be found in 



Table I. 



Country. 



Germany 



France 



Great Britain. 

 Scandinavia ... 



Italy 



United States.. 



Austria 



Holland 



Kussia 



Switzerland.... 



Belgium 



Spain 



1750 



B 



14 15 



— 46 



17 — 



14 1 



20 14 



43 

 12 



7 

 12 



6 7 10 

 ... 1 2 

 17 12 12 



11 4 



1789 



B G 



8 14 



— 36 



15 — 



10 10 



15 16 



3 2 



3 ... 



10 3 



8 3 



13 10 



3 3 



13 4 



33 



3 



19 



3 



8 



6 



19 



1829 



29 

 7 



10 

 1 

 1 

 3 

 1 

 7 

 3 



B 



36 27 — 



- 38 41 



- 14 



8 12 



8 18 



2 



2 

 2 

 8 



20 

 11 

 7 

 7 

 3 

 7 

 5 

 3 

 3 

 1 



1908 



B G R 



33 39 — 37 

 — 18 21 18 

 17 16 



9 17 



9 7 



11 10 



2 17 



7 

 2 

 2 



8 

 8 

 4 

 5 



3 

 1 



