SCIENCE AND MORALITY 389 



children and his fellow men, and which will not permit him to make 

 them unhappy without making himself unhappy also. This feeling of 

 human affection is the real basis of morals. It does not depend on 

 religious beliefs ; it will persist even though all religious belief perishes. 

 It has been greatly stimulated by science and it is on account of the 

 development of science that the world has grown better, while its 

 religious beliefs have weakened. And, furthermore, anything which 

 hinders or opposes the development in each individual and each nation 

 of this feeling is seen to be necessarily immoral. From this point of 

 view all obstacles to free trade, free intercourse and friendly relations 

 between nations and individuals may be shown to have an importance 

 in general morality. 



vol.. LXXIV. — 20. 



