CRITICISMS CORRECTED. 103 



war exemplifies the prevalence of the forces tending to homogeneity 

 over those tending to heterogeneity." To this the reply is that these 

 cases exemplify, rather, the prevalence of the forces which change the 

 incoherent into the coherent which effect integration ; that is, they 

 exemplify evolution under its primary aspect. In the " Principles of 

 Sociology," Pait II, Chapter III, Mr. Leslie will find numerous kindred 

 cases brought in illustration of this law of evolution. To which add 

 that such integrations bring after them greater heterogeneity, not 

 greater homogeneity. The divisions of the heptarchy were societies 

 substantially like one another in their structures and activities ; but 

 the parts of the nation which correspond to them have been differ- 

 entiated into parts carrying on varieties of occupations with entailed 

 unlikenesses of structures here purely agricultural, there manufac- 

 turing ; here predominantly given to coal-mining and iron-smelting, 

 there to weaving ; here distinguished by scattered villages, there by 

 clusters of large towns. 



Again, it is alleged that an increasing homogeneity is shown in 

 fashion. " Once every rank, profession, and district had a distinctive 

 garb ; now all such distinctions, save with the priest and the soldier, 

 have almost disappeared among men." But while for a reason, to be 

 presently pointed out, there has occurred a change which has abolished 

 one order of differences, differences of another order, far more multi- 

 tudinous, have arisen. Nothing is more striking than the extreme 

 heterogeneity of dress at the present day. As Mr. Leslie alleges, the 

 dresses of those forming each class were once all alike ; now no two 

 dresses are alike. Within the vague limits of the current fashion, the 

 degree of variety in women's costumes is infinite ; and even men's cos- 

 tumes, though having average resemblances, diverge from one another 

 in colors, materials, and detailed forms in innumerable ways. 



Other instances given by Mr. Leslie concern the organizations for 

 carrying on production and distribution. He argues that "in the in- 

 dustrial world a generation ago a constant movement toward a differ- 

 entiation of employments and functions appeared ; now some marked 

 tendencies to their amalgamation have begun to disclose themselves. 

 Joint-stock companies have almost effaced all real division of labor in 

 the wide region of trade within their operation." Here, as before, Mr. 

 Leslie represents amalgamation as equivalent to increase of homoge- 

 neity ; whereas amalgamation is but another name for integration, 

 which is the primary process in evolution, and which may, and does, 

 go along with increasing heterogeneity in the amalgamated things. It 

 can not be said that a joint-stock banking company, with its proprie- 

 tory and directors in addition to its officers, contains fewer unlike parts 

 than does a private banking establishment : the contrary must be said. 

 A railway company has far more numerous functionaries with different 

 duties than had the one, or the many coaching establishments it re- 

 placed. And then, apart from the fact that the larger aggregate of 



