104 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



cooperators who, as a company, carry on, say, a j^rocess of manufacture, 

 is more complex as well as more extensive, there is the fact, here 

 chiefly to be noted, that the entire assemblage of industrial structures 

 is, by the addition of these new structures, made more heterogeneous 

 than before. Had all the smaller manufacturing establishments car- 

 ried on by individuals or firms been destroyed, the contrary might 

 have been alleged ; but, as it is, we see that in addition to all the old 

 forms there have come these new forms, making the totality of them 

 more multiform than before. Mr. Leslie further illustrates his inter- 

 pretation by saying : " Many of the things for sale in a village huck- 

 ster's shop were formerly the subjects of distinct branches of business 

 in a large town ; now the wares in which scores of different retailers 

 dealt are all to be had in great establishments in New York, Paris, 

 and London, which sometimes buy direct from the producers, thus also 

 eliminating the wholesale dealer." Replies akin to the preceding ones 

 are readily made. The first is that wholesale dealers have not been at 

 present eliminated ; and can not be so long as the ordinary shopkeep- 

 ers survive, as they will certainly do. In the smaller places, forming 

 the great majority of places, these vast establishments can not exist ; 

 and in them, shopkeepers carrying on business as at present, will con- 

 tinue to necessitate wholesale dealers. Even in large jjlaces the same 

 thing will hold. It is only people of a certain class, able to pay ready 

 money and willing to go great distances to purchase, who frequent 

 these large establishments. Those who live from hand to mouth, and 

 those who prefer to buy at adjacent places, will maintain a certain pro- 

 portion of shops, and the wholesale distributing organization needed 

 for them. Again, we have to note that one of these great stores, such 

 as Whiteley's or Shoolbred's, does not within itself display any advance 

 toward homogeneity or despecialization ; for it is made up of many 

 separate departments, with their separate heads, carrying on business 

 substantially separate all superintended by one owner. It is nothing 

 but an aggregate of shops under one roof instead of under the many 

 roofs covering the side of a street ; and exhibits just as much hetero- 

 geneity as the shops do when arranged in line instead of massed to- 

 gether. That which it really illustrates is a new form of integration, 

 which is the primary evolutionary process. And then, lastly, comes 

 the fact that the distributing organization of the country, considered 

 as a whole, is by the addition of these establishments made more hete- 

 rogeneous than before. All the old types of trading concerns continue 

 to exist ; and here are new types added, making the entire assemblage 

 of them more varied. 



From these objections made by Mr. Leslie, which I have endeavored 

 to show result from misapprehensions, I pass to two others which are 

 to be met by taking account of certain complicating facts liable to be 

 overlooked, Mr. Leslie remarks that " in the early stages of social 

 progress, again, a differentiation takes place, as Mr. Spencer has ob- 



