120 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



each, giving the lower, middle, and upper status of savagery, and the 

 lower, middle, and upper status of barbarism ; these subdivisions also 

 being established on the development of specified arts. 



Two grand plans of government are also set forth tribal and na- 

 tional ; tribal government being personal, i. e,, taking into account 

 persons only, and national government being territorial and based on 

 property. 



In the second part he discussed in a thorough manner the different 

 forms of government in the order of their evolution, beginning with 

 the organization of society upon the basis of sex, as it is found in 

 Australia, and fragments of which are found as survivals among other 

 tribes of the world. He then expounded the organization of society 

 and tribal governments based upon kinship ; and having by wide 

 research discovered this system in every quarter of the globe among 

 people living in barbaric life, and having discovered by abundant evi- 

 dence that the same form of society and government existed in the 

 early history of the most civilized peoples, he logically inferred that 

 gentile society and tribal government as based upon kinship are the 

 universal characteristic of man in his passage through the period 

 of barbarism. He also discussed the evolution of gentile society from 

 connubial society ; defined the organic units of tribal government as 

 gentes, phratries, tribes, and confederacies, pointing out their origin 

 and growth as illustrated by abundant examples throughout the globe ; 

 and, finally, the evolution of gentile society and tribal government 

 into property society and national government. 



In Part III he treats of the evolution of the family discovers five 

 successive forms, and sets forth the processes by which the first or 

 consanguineal family, which is founded upon the intermarriage of 

 brothers and sisters, own and collateral in a group, was developed into 

 the last or monogamian, which is founded upon mai-riage by single 

 pairs with exclusive cohabitation. In the final chapter of this part he 

 gives the sequence of institutions connected with the family in tabular 

 form with appended explanations. 



In the fourth part Mr. Morgan deals with the origin of civilization. 

 Discovery and invention finally led to the accumulation of property, 

 and society was organized on this basis ; and for the protection of 

 property and the industries by which it is produced civilized govern- 

 ments have finally been established over territorial areas. The growth 

 of the idea of property with the development of industries is explained, 

 together with the evolution of laws of inheritance. 



Thus the plan of Mr. Morgan's great work w^as completed. In it 

 was laid the foundation for the science of government as it is finally 

 to be erected by the philosophy of evolution. 



In the progress of human culture institutions are developed ; new 

 rights with their correlative duties arise from the new relations into 

 which men are placed. For the maintenance of these rights and the 



