SKETCH OF LEWIS H. MORGAN. 121 



enforcement of these duties, governments change in all their substan- 

 tial characteristics, and the great laws of evolution in the processes of 

 differentiation and integration are followed, as tribes integrate into 

 nations and the functions of government are differentiated ; commu- 

 nal industries change to individual and corporate industries ; commu- 

 nal property to individual and corporate property ; communal marriage 

 to individual marriage ; communal government to organized national 

 government, with the differentiation of the three great departments, 

 the executive, the legislative, and the judicial ; and these again elabo- 

 rately differentiated with special organic members for special organic 

 functions all progressing with advancing intelligence to secure jus- 

 tice and thereby increase happiness. 



This survey of governments in their totality presents one fact of 

 profound interest to statesmen. Government by the people is the nor- 

 mal condition of mankind, as a broad review of human history abun- 

 dantly maintains. Monarchies are temporary phases of government 

 in the evolution of mankind from barbarism to civilization ; and 

 these monarchies with their attendant hierarchies, feudalisms, and sla- 

 very, appear only as pathologic conditions of the body politic diseases 

 which must be destroyed or they will destroy and hence disappearing 

 by virtue of the survival of the fittest. Hope for the future of society 

 is the best-beloved daughter of Evolution. 



Morgan has here been spoken of as a pioneer in a special field of 

 research, but many others worked contemporaneously with him in the 

 same field. Notable among these are Tylor and Maine, whose fields of 

 investigation were, to some extent, identical with Morgan's ; though 

 in a larger sense, the areas which they covered were diverse. Where 

 their studies were in common their methods of research were diverse. 

 Maine and Tylor ransacked recorded history. Morgan plunged into 

 the wilderness and studied Indian tribes, but his plan also included the 

 study of annals ; yet his work is largely made up of a record of facts 

 previously unknown to science. 



Long years of excessive labor, with sorrows that invade the domes- 

 tic circle through disease and death, have somewhat decreased the vigor 

 of physical life not long ago so characteristic of the man. On account 

 of his infirmities he presided with some difiiculty at the last meeting 

 of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ; but 

 his mental vigor continues, and he is now engaged in the preparation 

 of a volume on the " House Life and Architecture of the North Amer- 

 ican Indians," to be published by the Bureau of Ethnology of the 

 Smithsonian Institution. 



May his years continue and his works multiply ! It is not one of 

 the least of the results accomplished by Mr. Morgan that he has gath- 

 ered about him loving disciples who are reaping harvests from fields 

 planted by himself. 



