158 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



its growth. While each increment of growth is aided by an appro- 

 priate organization, yet this organization, being inappropriate to a 

 greater mass, becomes thereafter an impediment to further growth. 

 Whence it follows that organization in excess of need prevents the 

 attainment of that larger size and accompanying higher organization 

 which might else have arisen. 



To aid our interpretations of the special facts presently to be dealt 

 wath, we must keep in mind the foregoing general facts. They may 

 be summed up as follows : 



Cooperation is made possible by society, and makes society possible. 

 It presupposes associated men, and men remain associated because of 

 the benefits association yields them. 



But there can not be concerted actions without agencies by which 

 actions are in some way adjusted in their times, amounts, and kinds ; 

 and the actions can not be of various kinds without the coOperators 

 undertaking different duties. That is to say, the cooperators must 

 fall into some kind of organization, either voluntarily or involun- 

 tarily. 



Tlie organization which cooperation implies is of two kinds, distinct 

 in origin and nature. The one, arising directly from the pursuit of 

 individual ends and indirectly conducing to social welfare, develops 

 unconsciously and is non-coercive. The other, arising directly from 

 the pursuit of social ends and indirectly conducing to individual wel- 

 fare, develops consciously and is coercive. 



While, by making cooperation possible, political organization 

 achieves benefits, deductions from the benefits are entailed by such 

 organization. Maintenance of it is costly ; and the cost may become 

 a greater evil than the evils escaped. It necessarily imposes restraints ; 

 and these restraints may become so extreme that anarchy, with all its 

 miseries, is preferable. 



Organization as it becomes established is an obstacle to reorganiza- 

 tion. Both by the inertia of position, and by the cohesion gradually 

 established among them, the units of the structures formed oj^pose 

 change. Self-sustentation is the primary aim of each part as of the 

 whole ; and hence parts once formed tend to continue, whether they 

 are or are not useful. Moreover, each addition to the regulative 

 structures implying, other things equal, a simultaneous deduction 

 from the remainder of the society which is regulated, it results that, 

 while the obstacles to change are increased, the forces causing change 

 are decreased. 



Maintenance of a society's organization implies that the imits form- 

 ing its component structures shall severally be replaced as they die. Sta- 

 bility is favored if the vacancies they leave are filled without dispute 

 by descendants ; while change is favored if the vacancies are filled by 

 those who are experimentally proved to be best fitted for them. Sue- 



