290 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



ga, Samoa, and the rest where, restrained within limits by surround- 

 ing seas, the inhabitants have become united more or less closely into 

 aggregates of considerable sizes. The other is furnished by ancient 

 Peru, where, before the time of the Incas, semi-civilized communities 

 had been formed in valleys separated from each other " on the coast, 

 by hot and almost impassable deserts, and in the interior by lofty 

 mountains, or cold and trackless ^w/ias." And to the implied inability 

 of these peoples to escape governmental coercion, thus indicated by 

 Squier as a factor in their civilization, is ascribed, by the ancient 

 Spanish writer Cieza, the difference between them and the neighbor- 

 ing Indians of Popayan, who could retreat, "whenever attacked, to 

 other fertile regions." How, conversely, within the area occupied, the 

 massing of men together is furthered by ease of internal communica- 

 tion, is sufficiently manifest. The importance of it is implied by the 

 remark of Grant concerning equatorial Africa, that " no jui'isdiction 

 extends over a district which can not be crossed in three or four days." 

 And such facts, implying that political integration may increase as the 

 means of going from place to place become better, remind us how, 

 from Roman times downward, the formation of roads has made larger 

 social aggregates possible. 



Evidence that a certain type of physique is requisite has been else- 

 where given. * We saw that the races which have proved capable of 

 evolving large societies have been races previously subject, for long 

 periods, to conditions fostering vigor of constitution. I will here add 

 only that the constitutional energy needed for continuous labor, with- 

 out which there can not be civilized life and the massing of men that 

 accompanies it, is an energy not to be quickly acquired under any con- 

 ditions or through any discipline, but to be acquired only by inher- 

 ited modifications slowly accumulated. Good evidence that in lower 

 types of men there is a physical incapacity for continuous labor, is 

 supplied by the results of the Jesuit government over the Paraguay 

 Indians. These Indians were reduced to industrial habits, and to an 

 orderly life which was thought by many writers admirable ; but there 

 eventually resulted the fatal evil that they became infertile. Not im- 

 probably, the infertility habitually observed in savage races that have 

 been led into civilized habits, is consequent on taxing the physique to 

 a degree greater than it is constituted to bear. 



Certain moral traits which favor, and others which hinder, the 

 union of men into large groups, were pointed out when treating of 

 "The Primitive Man Emotional. "f Here I will reillustrate such of 

 these as concern the fitness or unfitness of the type for subordination, 

 " The Abors, as they themselves say, are like tigers, two can not dwell 

 in one den," writes Mr. Dalton ; and " their houses are scattered sin- 

 gly, or in groups of two and three." Conversely, some of the African 

 races not only yield when coerced, but admire one who coerces them ; 

 * " Principles of Sociology," 16. f Ibid., Part I, chapter vi. 



