POLITICAL INTEGRATION. 291 



instance the Damaras, who, as Galton says, "court slavery" and "fol- 

 low a master as spaniels would." The like is alleged of other South 

 Africans. One of them said to a gentleman known to me : "You're 

 a pretty fellow to be a master ; I've been with you two years and 

 you've never beaten me once." Obviously the dispositions thus strong- 

 ly contrasted are dispositions on which the impossibility or possibility 

 of political integration largely depends. There must be added, as also 

 influential, the presence or the absence of the nomadic instinct. Vari- 

 eties of men, in whom wandering habits have been unchecked during 

 countless generations of hunting life and pastoral life, show us that, 

 even when forced into agricultural life, their tendency to move about 

 greatly hinders aggregation. It is thus among the hill-tribes of India. 

 " The Kookies are naturally a migratory race, never occupying the 

 same place for more than two or, at the utmost, three years " ; and the 

 like holds of the Mishmees, who " never name their villages " the 

 existence of them being too transitory. In some races this migratory 

 instinct survives and shows its effects, even after the formation of 

 populous towns. "Writing of the Bachassins in 1812, Burchell says 

 that Litakun, containing 15,000 inhabitants, had been twice removed 

 during a period of ten years. Clearly, people so little attached to the 

 localities they were born in are not so easily united into large societies 

 as people who love their early homes. 



Concerning the intellectual traits which aid or impede the cohesion 

 of men into masses, I may supplement what was said when delineating 

 f The Primitive Man Intellectual," * by two corollaries of much sig- 

 nificance. Social life, being cooperative life, presupposes not only an 

 emotional nature fitted for cooperation, but also such . intelligence as 

 perceives the benefits of cooperation, and can so regulate actions as to 

 effect it. The unreflectiveness, the deficient consciousness of causa- 

 tion, and the utter lack of constructive imagination, shown by the un- 

 civilized, hinder cooperation to a degree diflicult to believe until proof 

 is seen. Even the semi-civilized exhibit in quite simple matters an 

 absence of concert which is astonishing. f Implying, as this inaptitude 



* " Principles of Sociology," Part I, chapter vii. 



f The behavior of Arab boatmen on the Nile displays this inability to cooperate in 

 simple matters in a striking way. When jointly hauling at a rope, and beginning, as 

 they do, to chant, the inference one draws is that they pull in time with their words. On 

 observing, however, it turns out that their efforts are not combined at given intervals, but 

 are put forth without any unity of rhythm. Similarly, when using their poles to push 

 the dahabeiah off a sand-bank, the succession of grunts they severally make is so rapid 

 that it is manifestly impossible for them to give those effectual combined pushes which 

 imply appreciable intervals of preparation. Still more striking is the want of concert 

 shown by the hundred or more Nubians and Arabs employed to drag the vessel up the 

 rapids. There are shoutings, gesticulations, divided actions, utter confusion ; so that only 

 by accident does it at length happen that a sufficient number of efforts are put forth at 

 the same moment. As was said to me by our Arab dragoman, a traveled man, " Ten 

 Enslishraen or Frenchmen would do the thing at once." 



