292 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



does, that cooperation can at first be effective only where there is obedi- 

 ence to peremptory command, it follows that there must be not only 

 an emotional nature which produces subordination, but also an intel- 

 lectual nature which i^roduces faith in a commander. That credulity 

 which leads to awe of the capable man, as a possessor of supernatural 

 power, and which afterward, causing dread of his ghost, prompts ful- 

 fillment of his remembered injunctions that credulity which initiates 

 the religious control of a deified chief, reenforcing the control of his 

 divine descendant is a credulity which can not be dispensed with dur- 

 ing early stages of integration. Skepticism is fatal while the character, 

 moral and intellectual, is such as to necessitate compulsory coopera- 

 tion. 



Political integration, then, hindered in many regions by environ- 

 ing conditions, has, in many races of mankind, been prevented from 

 advancing far by unfitnesses of nature physical, moral, and intel- 

 lectual. 



Besides certain fitnesses of nature in the united individuals, social 

 union requires a considerable likeness of kind in their natures. At 

 the outset the likeness of kind is insured by greater or less kinship in 

 blood. Evidence of this meets us everywhere among the uncivilized. 

 Of the Bushmen, Lichtenstein says : " Families alone form associations 

 in single small hordes ; sexual feelings, the instinctive love to children, 

 or the customary attachment among relations, are the only ties that 

 keep them in any sort of union." Again, " The Rock Veddahs are di- 

 vided into small clans or families associated for relationship, who agree 

 in partitioning the forest among themselves for hunting-gi'ounds," etc. 

 And this rise of the society out of the family, seen in these least or- 

 ganized groups, reappears in the considerably organized groups of 

 more advanced savages. Instance the New-Zealanders, of whom we 

 read that " eighteen historical nations occupy the country, each being 

 subdivided into many tribes, originally families, as the prefix Ngati, 

 signifying offspring (equivalent to O or Mac), obviously indicates." 

 This connection between blood-relationship and social union is well 

 shown by Humboldt's remarks concerning South American Indians. 

 " Savages," he says, " know only their own family, and a tribe appears 

 to them but a more numerous assemblage of relations." When Indians 

 who inhabit the missions see those of the forest, who are unknown to 

 them, they say : " They are, no doubt, my relations ; I understand 

 them when they speak to me." But these very savages detest all who 

 are not of their family or their tribe ; " they know the duties of family 

 ties and of relationship, but not those of humanity." 



When treating of the domestic relations, reasons were given for 

 concluding that social stability increases as kinships become more defi- 

 nite and extended ; since development of kinships, while insuring the 

 likeness of nature which furthers cooperation, involves the strengthen- 



