POLITICAL INTEGRATION. 293 



ing and multiplication of those family bonds which check disruption. 

 Where promiscuity is prevalent, or where marriages are temporary, 

 the known relationships are relatively few and not close ; and there is 

 little more social cohesion than results from belonging to the same type 

 of man. Polyandry, especially of the higher kind, produces relation- 

 ships of some definiteness, which admit of being traced further ; so 

 serving better to tie the social group together. And a greater advance 

 in the nearness and the number of family connections results from po- 

 lygyny. But, as was shoAvn, it is from monogamy that there arise fam- 

 ily connections which are at once the most definite and the most wide- 

 spreading in their ramifications ; and out of monogamic families are 

 developed the largest and most coherent societies. In two allied yet 

 distinguishable ways does monogamy favor social solidarity. 



Unlike the children of the polyandrous family, who are something 

 less than half brothers and sisters, and unlike the children of the polyg- 

 amous family, most of whom are only half brothers and sisters, the 

 children of the monogamous family are, in the great majority of cases, 

 all of the same blood on both sides. Being thus themselves more 

 closely related, it follows that their clusters of children are more closely 

 related ; and where, as happens in early stages, these clusters of chil- 

 dren when grown up continue to form a community, and labor to- 

 gether, they are united alike by their kinships arid by their industrial 

 interests. Though with the growth of a family group into a gens 

 which spreads, the industrial interests divide, yet these kinships pre- 

 vent the divisions from becoming as marked as they would otherwise 

 become. And, similarly, when the gens, in course of time, develops 

 into the tribe. Nor is this all. If local circumstances bring together 

 several such tribes, which are still allied in blood, though more re- 

 motely, it results that when, seated side by side, they are gradually 

 fused, partly by interspersion and partly by intermarriage, the com- 

 pound society formed, united by numerous and complicated links of 

 kinship as well as by political interests, is more strongly bound to- 

 gether than it would otherwise be. Dominant ancient societies illus- 

 trate this truth. Says Grote : " All that we hear of the most ancient 

 Athenian laws is based upon the gentile and phratric divisions, which 

 are treated throughout as extensions of the family." Similarly, accord- 

 ins: to Mommsen, on the "Roman household was based the Roman 

 state, both as respected its constituent elements and its form. The 

 community of the Roman people arose out of the junction (in whatever 

 way brought about) of such ancient clanships as the Romilii, Voltinii, 

 Fabii, etc." And Sir Henry Maine has shown in detail the ways in 

 which the simple family passes into the house community, and eventu- 

 ally the village community. Though, in presence of the evidence fur- 

 nished by races having irregular sexual relations, we can not allege that 

 sameness of blood is the primary reason for political cofjperation 

 though in numerous tribes which have not risen into the pastoral state. 



