POLITICAL INTEGRATION. 295 



some common ancestor if he had died in their lifetime." So that po- 

 litical integration, while furthered by that likeness of nature which 

 identity of descent involves, is again furthered by that likeness of re- 

 ligion simultaneously arising from this identity of descent. 



Thus is it, too, at a later stage, with that less pronounced likeness 

 of nature characterizing men of the same race who have multiplied 

 and spread in such ways as to form adjacent small societies. Coopera- 

 tion among them continues to be furthered, though less effectually, by 

 the community of their natures, by the community of their traditions, 

 ideas, and sentiments, as well as by their community of language. 

 Among men of diverse types, cooperation is necessarily hindered not 

 only by that absence of mutual comprehension caused by ignorance of 

 one another's words, but also by unlikenesses in their ways of thinking 

 and feeling. It needs but to remember how often, even among those 

 who speak the same language, quarrels arise from misinterpretations 

 of things said, to see what fertile sources of confusion and antagonism 

 must be the partial or complete differences of speech which habitually 

 accompany differences of race. Similarly, those who are widely unlike 

 in their emotional natures, or in their intellectual natures, perplex one 

 another by unexpected conduct a fact on which travelers habitually 

 remark. Hence a further obstacle to combined action. Diversities of 

 custom, too, become causes of dissension. Where a food eaten by one 

 people is regarded by another with disgust, where an animal held 

 sacred by the one is by the other treated with contempt, where a 

 salute which the one expects is never made by the other, there must 

 be continually generated alienations which hinder joint efforts. Other 

 things equal, facility of cooperation will be proportionate to the amount 

 of fellow-feeling ; the fellow-feeling is prevented by whatever pre- 

 vents men from behaving in the same ways under the same conditions. 

 The working together of the original and derived factors above enu- 

 merated is well exhibited in the following passage from Grote : " The 

 Hellens were all of common blood and parentage were all descendants 

 of the common patriarch Hellen. In treating of the historical Greeks, 

 we have to accept this as a datum : it represents the sentiment under 

 the influence of which they moved and acted. It is placed by Herod- 

 otus in the front rank, as the chief of those four ties which bound 

 together the Hellenic aggregate : 1. Fellowship of blood ; 2. Fellow- 

 ship of language ; 3. Fixed domiciles of gods, and sacrifices common 

 to all ; 4. Like manners and dispositions." 



Influential as we thus find to be the likeness of nature which is 

 insured by common descent, the implication is that, in the absence of 

 considerable likeness, the larger political aggregates formed are unsta- 

 ble, and can be maintained only by a coercion which, some time or 

 other, is sure to fail. Though other causes have conspired, yet this 

 has doubtless been a part cause of the dissolution of great empires in 

 past ages. At the present time the decay of the Turkish Empire is 



