POLITICAL INTEGRATION. 299 



and Mongols desert him and go over to other chiefs. Of the Abipones, 

 Dobrizhoffer says : " Without leave asked on their part, or displeasure 

 evinced on his, they remove with their families whithersoever it suits 

 them, and join some other cacique ; and, when tired of the second, re- 

 turn with impunity to the horde of the first." Similarly, in South 

 Africa, "the frequent instances which occur [among the Balonda] of 

 people changing from one part of the country to another show that 

 the great chiefs possess only a limited power." And how, through 

 this process, some tribes grow while others dwindle, we are shown by 

 McCulloch's remark respecting the Kukis, that "a village, having 

 around it plenty of land suited for cultivation and a popular chief, is 

 sure soon, by accessions from less favored ones, to become large." 



With the need which the individual has for protection is joined 

 the desire of the tribe to strengthen itself ; and the practice of adop- 

 tion, hence resulting, constitutes another mode of integration. Where, 

 as among tribes of North American Indians, " adoption or the torture 

 were the alternative chances of a captive " (adoption being the fate of 

 one admired for his bravery), we see reillustrated the tendency which 

 each society has to grow at the expense of other societies. That de- 

 sire for many actual children whereby the family may be strengthened, 

 which Hebrew traditions show us, readily passes into the desii-e for 

 factitious children here made one with the brotherhood by exchange 

 of blood, and there by mock birth. As was implied in another place,* 

 it is probable that the practice of adoption into families so prevalent 

 in Rome arose during those early times when the wandering patri- 

 archal group constituted the tribe, and when the desire of the tribe to 

 strengthen itself was dominant. And, indeed, on remembering that, 

 long after larger societies were formed by the compounding of patri- 

 archal groups, there continued to be feuds between the component 

 families and clans, we may see that there had never ceased to operate, 

 on such families and clans, the primitive motive for strengthening 

 themselves by increasing their numbers. 



It may be added that kindred motives produced kindred results 

 within more modern societies, during times when their component 

 parts were so imperfectly integrated that there remained antagonisms 

 among them. Thus we have the fact that in mediaeval England, while 

 local rule was incompletely subordinated to general rule, every free 

 man had to attach himself to a lord, a burgh, or a guild : being other- 

 wise "a friendless man," and in adanger like that which the savage is 

 in when not belonging to a tribe. And. then, on the other hand, in 

 the law that, " if a bondsman continued a year and a day within a 

 free burgh or municipality, no lord could reclaim him," we may recog- 

 nize an effect of the desire on the part of industrial groups to strength- 

 en themselves against the feudal groups around an effect analogous 

 to the adoption, here into the savage tribe and there into the family 



* "Principles of Sociology," 319. 



