300 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



as it existed in the ancient societies. Naturally, as a whole nation be- 

 comes more completely integi-ated, these local integrations become 

 weaker, and finally disappear ; though they long leave their traces, as 

 among ourselves even still in the law of settlement, and as, up to so 

 late a period as 1824, in the laws affecting the freedom of traveling of 

 artisans. 



These last illustrations introduce us to the truth that, while at first 

 there are little cohesion and great mobility of the units forming a 

 group, advance in integration is habitually accompanied not only by a 

 decreasing ability to go from group to group, but also by a decreasing 

 ability to go from place to place with the group : the members of the 

 society become less free to move about within the society as well as 

 less free to leave it. Of course, the transition from the nomadic to the 

 settled state partially implies this ; since each person becomes in a 

 considerable degree tied by his material interests. Slavery, too, effects 

 in another way this binding of individuals to locally-placed members 

 of the society, and therefore to particular parts to it ; and, where 

 serfdom exists, the same thing is shown with a difference. But in so- 

 cieties that have become highly integrated, not simply those in bond- 

 age, but others also, ai-e tied to their localities. Of the ancient Mexi- 

 cans, Zurita says : " The Indians never changed their village nor even 

 their quarter. This custom was observed as a law." In ancient Peru, 

 " it was not lawful for any one to remove from one province, or vil- 

 lage, to another " ; and " any who traveled without just cause were 

 punished as vagabonds." Elsewhere, along with that development of 

 the militant type accompanying aggregation, there have been imposed 

 restraints on movement under other forms. In ancient Egypt there 

 existed a system of registration, and all citizens had periodically to 

 report themseves to local officers. " Every Japanese is registered, and, 

 whenever he removes his residence, the Nanushi, or head-man of the 

 temple, gives a certificate." And then, in despotically governed Eu- 

 ropean countries, we have more or less rigorous passport-systems, hin- 

 dering the movements of citizens from place to place, and in some 

 cases preventing them from leaving the country. 



In these, as in other respects, however, the restraints which the 

 social aggregate exercises over its units decrease as the industrial type 

 begins greatly to qualify the militant type ; partly because the soci- 

 eties characterized by industrialism are amply populous, and have su- 

 perfluous members to fill the places of those who leave them, and 

 partly because, in the absence of the oppressions accompanying a mil- 

 itant regime, a sufficient cohesion results from pecuniary interests, 

 family bonds, and love of country. 



Thus, saying nothing for the present of that political evolu- 

 tion manifested by increase of structure, and restricting ourselves 

 to that political evolution manifested by increase of mass, here dis- 



