POLITICAL INTEGRATION. 301 



tinguislied as political integration, we find that this has the following 

 traits : 



While the aggregates are small, the incorporation of materials for 

 growth is carried on at one another's expense in feeble ways by tak- 

 ing one another's game, by robbing one another of women, and, occa- 

 sionally, by adopting one another's men. As larger aggregates are 

 formed, incorporations proceed in more wholesale ways : first, by 

 enslaving the separate members of conquered tribes, and presently by 

 the bodily annexation of such tribes. And, as compound aggregates 

 pass into doubly and trebly compound ones, there arise increasing 

 desires to absorb adjacent smaller societies, and so to form still larger 

 aggregates. 



Conditions of several kinds further or hinder social growth and 

 consolidation. The habitat may be fitted or unfitted for supporting a 

 large population ; or it may, by great or small facilities for inter- 

 course within its area, favor or impede cooperation ; or it may, by 

 presence or absence of natural barriers, make easy or difiicult the 

 keeping together of the individuals under that coercion which is at 

 first needful. And, as the antecedents of the race determine, the 

 individiials may have in greater or less degrees the physical, the 

 emotional, and the intellectual natures fitting them for combined 

 action. 



While the extent to which social integration can in each case be 

 carried depends in part on these conditions, it also depends in part 

 upon the degree of likeness among the units. At first, while the 

 nature is so little molded to social life that cohesion is small, aggre- 

 gation is largely dependent on ties of blood, implying great degrees 

 of likeness. Groups in which such ties, and the resulting congruity, 

 are most marked, and which, having family traditions in common, a 

 common male ancestor, and a joint worship of him, are in these fur- 

 ther ways made alike in ideas and sentiments, are groups in which the 

 greatest social cohesion and poAver of cooperation arise. For a long 

 time the clans and tribes descending from such primitive patriarchal 

 groups have their political concert facilitated by this bond of relation- 

 ship and the likeness it involves. Only after adaptation to social life 

 has made considerable progress does harmonious cooperation among 

 those who are not of the same stock become practicable ; and even 

 then their unlikenesses of nature must fall within moderate limits. 

 Where the unlikenesses of nature are great, the society, held together 

 only by force, tends to disintegrate when the force fails. 



Likeness in the unirts forming a social group being one condition 

 of their integration, a further condition is their joint reaction against 

 external action ; cooperation in war is the active cause of social inte- 

 gration. The temporary unions of savages for oifense and defense 

 show us the initiatory step. When many tribes unite against a com- 

 mon enemy, long continuance of their combined action makes them 



