302 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



coherent under some common control. And so it is subsequently with 

 still larger aggregates. 



Progress in social integration is both a cause and a consequence of 

 a decreasing separableness among the units. Primitive wandering 

 hordes exercise no such restraints over their members as prevent them 

 individually from leaving one horde and joining another at will. 

 Where tribes are more developed, desertion of one and admission into 

 another are less easy the assemblages are not so loose in composition. 

 And, throughout those long stages during which societies are being 

 enlarged and consolidated by militancy, the mobility of the units is 

 more and more restrained. Only with that substitution of voluntary 

 cooperation for compulsory cooperation which characterizes develop- 

 ing industrialism do these restraints disappear : enforced union being 

 in such societies adequately replaced by spontaneous union. 



A remaining truth to be named is that political integration, as it 

 advances, tends to obliterate the original divisions among the united 

 parts. In the first place, there is the slow disappearance of those non- 

 topographical divisions arising from relationship, and resulting in sep- 

 arate gentes and tribes, gentile and tribal divisions, which are for a 

 long time maintained after larger societies have been formed : gradual 

 intermingling destroys them. In the second place, the smaller local 

 societies united into a larger one, which at first retain their separate 

 organizations, lose them by long co5peration : a common organization 

 begins to ramify through them, and their individualities become indis- 

 tinct. And, in the third place, there simultaneously results a more or 

 less decided obliteration of their topographical bounds, and a replacing 

 of these by the new administrative bound of the common organiza- 

 tion. Hence naturally results the converse truth that, in the course of 

 social dissolution, the great groups separate first, and afterward, if 

 dissolution continues, these separate into their component smaller 

 groups. Instance the ancient empires successively formed in the East, 

 the united kingdoms of which severally resumed their autonomies 

 when the coercion keeping them together ceased. Instance, again, 

 the Carlovingian empire, which, first parting into its large divisions, 

 became in course of time further disintegrated by subdivision of these. 

 And where, as in this last case, the process of dissolution goes very 

 far, there is a return to something like the primitive condition, under 

 which small predatory societies are engaged in continuous warfare 

 with like small societies around them. 



