434 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



pies ; and, similarly, that in Daliomey, where the women are as much 

 warriors as the men, they are so regarded that, in the political organi- 

 zation, '' the woman is officially superior," On contrasting these ex- 

 ceptional cases with the ordinary cases, in which the men, solely occu- 

 pied in war and the chase, have unlimited authority, while the women, 

 occupied in gathering miscellaneous small food and carrying burdens, 

 are abject slaves, it becomes manifest that diversity of relations to 

 surrounding actions initiates diversity of social positions. And, as we 

 before saw, this truth is further illustrated by those few uncivilized 

 societies which are habitually peaceful, such as the Bodo and Dhimals 

 of the Indian hills, and the ancient Pueblos of North America socie- 

 ties in which the occupations are not, or were not broadly divided 

 into fighting and working, and severally assigned to the two sexes ; 

 and in which, along with a comparatively small difference in the ac- 

 tivities of the sexes, there goes, or went, small difference of social 

 status. 



So is it when we pass from the greater or less political differentia- 

 tion which accompanies difference of sex to that which is independent 

 of sex to that which arises among men. Where the life is perma- 

 nently peaceful, definite class-divisions do not exist. One of the Indian 

 Hill-tribes, to which I have frequently referred as exhibiting the hon- 

 esty, truthfulness, and amiability accompanying a purely industrial 

 life, may be instanced. Hodgson says, "All Bodo and all Dhimals ai-e 

 equal absolutely so in right or law wonderfully so in fact." The 

 like is said of another peaceful and amiable Hill-tribe : " The Lepchas 

 have no caste distinctions." And among a different race, the Papu- 

 ans, may be named the peaceful Arafuras as displaying a " brotherly 

 love with one another," and as having no divisions of rank. 



As, at first, the domestic relation between the sexes passes into a 

 political relation, such that men and women become, in militant groups, 

 the ruling class and the subject class, so does the relation between 

 master and slave, originally a domestic one, pass into a political one 

 as fast as, by habitual war, the making of slaves becomes general. It 

 is with the formation of a slave-class that there begins that political 

 differentiation between the regulating structures and the sustaining 

 structures which continues throughout all higher forms of social evo- 

 lution. 



Kane remarks that " slavery in its most cruel form exists among 

 the Indians of the whole coast from California to Behring's Straits, 

 the stronger tribes making slaves of all the others they can conquer. 

 In the interior, where there is but little warfare, slavery does not ex- 

 ist." And this statement does but exhibit, in a distinct form, the 

 truth everywhere obvious. Evidence suggests that the practice of 

 enslavement diverged by small steps from the practice of cannibalism. 

 Concerning the Nootkas, we read that " slaves are occasionally sacri- 



