442 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



dress they naturally had. Class-predominance is, therefore, thus fur- 

 ther facilitated. 



And then there are the respective mental traits produced by daily 

 exercise of power, and by daily submission to power. The ideas, and 

 sentiments, and modes of behavior, perpetually repeated, generate on 

 one side an inherited fitness for command, and on the other side an 

 inherited fitness for obedience ; with the result that, in course of time, 

 there arises on both sides the belief that the established relations of 

 classes are the natural ones. 



By implying habitual war among settled societies, the foregoing 

 interpretations have implied the formation of compound societies. 

 The rise of such class-divisions as have been described is, therefore, 

 complicated by the rise of further class-divisions determined by the 

 relations from time to time established between those conquerors and 

 conquered whose respective groups already contain class-divisions. 



This increasing differentiation which accompanies increasing inte- 

 gration is clearly seen in certain semi-civilized societies, such as that 

 of the Sandwich-Islanders. Ellis enumerates their ranks as " 1. King, 

 queens, and royal family, along with the councilor or chief minister of 

 the king. 2. The governors of the different islands, and the chiefs of 

 several large divisions. Many of these are descendants of those who 

 were kings of the respective islands in Cook's time, and until subdued 

 by Kamehameha. 3. Chiefs of districts or villages, who pay a regu- 

 lar rent for the land, cultivating it by means of their dependents, or 

 letting it out to tenants. This rank includes also the ancient priests. 

 4. The laboring classes those renting small portions of land, those 

 working on the land for food and clothing, mechanics, musicians, and 

 dancers." And, as shown by other passages, the laboring classes here 

 grouped together are divisible into artisans, who are paid wages ; 

 serfs, attached to the soil ; and slaves. Inspection makes it tolerably 

 clear that the lowest chiefs, once independent, were reduced to the 

 second rank when adjacent chiefs conquered them and became local 

 kings ; and that they were reduced to the third rank at the same time 

 that these local kings became chiefs of the second ran.k, when, by con- 

 quest, a kingship of the whole group was established. Other societies 

 in kindred stages show us kindred divisions similarly to be accounted 

 for. Among the New-Zealanders there are six grades ; there are six 

 among the Ashantees ; there are five among the Abyssinians ; and 

 other more or less compounded African states present analogous di- 

 visions. Perhaps ancient Peru furnishes as clear a case as any of the 

 superposition of ranks resulting from subjugation. The petty king- 

 doms which were massed together by the conquering Incas were sev- 

 erally left with the rulers and their subordinates undisturbed ; but 

 over the whole empire there was a superior organization of Inca rulers 

 of various grades. That kindred causes produced kindred effects in 



