POLITICAL HEADS CHIEFS, KINGS, ETC. 735 



does not, therefore, establish a supernatural dynasty, as does the chief 

 of divine descent. 



And now, having considered the several factors which cooperate 

 to establish political headship, let us consider the process of coopera- 

 tion through its ascending stages. The truth to be noted is, that the 

 successive phenomena which occur in the simplest groups habitually 

 recur in the same order in compound groups, and again in doubly com- 

 pound groups. 



As, in the simple group, there is at first a state in which there is no 

 headship, so, when simple groups which have political heads possess- 

 ing slight authorities are associated, there is at first no headshi]) of the 

 cluster. The Chinooks furnish an example. Describing them, Lewis 

 and Clarke say : "As these families gradually expand into bands, or 

 tribes, or nations, the paternal authority is represented by the chief of 

 each association. This chieftain, however, is not hereditary." And 

 then comes the further fact, which here specially concerns us, that 

 " the chiefs of the separate villages are independent of each other " : 

 there is no general chieftainship. 



As headship in the simple group, at first temporary, ceases when 

 the war which initiates it ends, so, in the cluster of groups which 

 severally have recognized heads, a common headship at first results 

 from a war, and lasts no longer than the war. Falkner says, "In a 

 general war, when many nations enter into an alliance against a com- 

 mon enemy," the Patagonians " chose an ajw, or commander-in-chief, 

 from among the oldest or most celebrated of the caciques." The 

 Indians of the upper Orinoco live " in hordes of forty or fifty under a 

 family government, and they recognize a common chief only in times 

 of war." So is it in Borneo. "During war the chiefs of the Sarebas 

 Dyaks give an uncertain allegiance to a head chief, or commander-in- 

 chief." It has been the same in Europe. Seeley remarks that the 

 Sabines " seem to have had a central government only in war-time." 

 Again : " Germany had anciently as many republics as it had tribes. 

 Except in time of war, there was no chief common to all, or even to 

 any given confederation." 



This recalls the fact indicated when treating of political integra- 

 tion, that the cohesion within compound groups is less than that with- 

 in simple groups, and again that the cohesion within the doubly com- 

 pound less than that within the compound. What was there said of 

 cohesion may here be said of subordination ; for we find that, when by 

 continuous war a permanent headship of a compound group has been 

 generated, it is less stable than the headships of the simple groups. 

 Often it lasts only for the life of the man who achieves it ; as among 

 the Karens and the Maganga, and as among the Dyaks, of whom 

 Boyle says : " It is an exceptional case if a Dyak chief is raised to an 

 acknowledged supremacy over the other chiefs. If he is so raised he 



