MAN AND THE VERTEBRATE SERIES. 783 



MAN AND THE YEETEBRATE SERIES. 



By CHAELES MOEKIS. 



MAN stands as a connecting link between two worlds the world 

 of matter and that of mind. He forms the apex of the devel- 

 opment of matter, the loftiest effort of evolution in substance. Mind, 

 it is true, has its foundation in the regions of life below him, but all its 

 superstructure the towering arches and lofty pinnacles of the ideal 

 rests upon the human intellect. Man thus forms the gateway which 

 Nature has placed between her two vast kingdoms of substance and 

 thought, and in the human brain these two realms meet and merge, 

 energy flowering into intellect, substance into soul. 



But is the human form the true culmination of the development of 

 matter ? Has Nature really reached in man her acme in this direction ? 

 A deductive philosopher would perhaps answer this question in the 

 affirmative, on the theory that Nature would not stop short of the most 

 completely developed physical form, as the starting-point of mental 

 evolution. He might claim that a perfect soul could only arise in a 

 perfect body, and that, as Nature is striving toward perfection, she 

 must lay all her foundations at the highest possible point. 



But inductive science starts with no theories. It builds its theories 



out of facts, not its facts out of theories, and follows Nature upward 



from her roots, not downward from her branches. What, then, do 



the facts of Nature say as to the question of animal evolution? Is 



' man truly the paragon of animals ? 



Unfortunately, this question opens before us a field of investigation 

 too broad for consideration in a single article. We have already seen 

 that Nature has exposed organic forms to an almost unlimited variety 

 of conditions, during the long geologic ages, and has probably tried 

 every line of development of which organic life is susceptible. By a 

 close review of the various animal types, their advantages and defi- 

 ciencies have been traced, and we think it has been shown that the 

 vertebrate type is the one suited to the highest evolution, and the 

 one toward which all the lower forms tend in their highest representa- 

 tives.* 



For a complete review of organic form development the plant 

 types should also be considered, but we must confine ourselves in this 

 article to a consideration of the vertebrate type of animals alone. 



And first, What are the causes, what the modes, what the laws, of 

 evolution ? What features in one animal constitute superiority to 

 another animal ? These questions we shall but briefly answer. There 

 are certain requirements absolutely necessary to the continuance of 



* " Evolution of Organic Form." " Popular Science Monthly," November, 1880. 



