THE PROBLEM OF CITY MILK SUPPLIES 



73 



of tuberculosis even iu initial stages. The stables are constructed with 

 cement floors^, with plenty of windows to admit light^ and with efEective 

 designs for ventilation. Accompanying photographs, taken in model 

 dairies, will illustrate the points under discussion. Photograph 1 shows 

 one side of a sanitary barn with properly constructed windows, which 

 open from the top and admit fresh air, and a carrier to remove the 

 manure. A carrier of similar nature is vised for bringing in the food, 

 as shown in photograph 2. By the use of the?e carriers the handling 

 of food and refuse is reduced to a minimum, and the raising of dust 

 largely avoided. Photograph 3 shows stanchions of approved style, 

 which allow the animals to be comfortable without being cumbersome. 

 They are made of iron pipe, painted and easily kept clean. Photo- 

 graph 4 shows the center aisle. The cows face each other to encourage 

 cheerfulness. The mangers are also made of cement. Photograph 5 

 shows washstands, which should be present in all cow barns. The 

 milkers wash their hands frequently so that the dirt from their hands 

 is not mixed with the milk. The milkers should wear clean white suits, 

 as is shown in photographs 6 and 7. The outlets of foul air and the 

 tilting windows are shown to advantage in photograph 8. 



In sanitary dairies the milk is transported to a special room in which 

 it is cooled and bottled. In photogi'aph 9 a cooling apparatus is seen 

 above the collecting tank and on the left-hand side of the same picture 

 is seen a machine which places the pulp caps on bottles. 



Market milk contains hundreds of thousands of bacteria per cubic 

 centimeter, sometimes even millions. When only such milk is obtain- 

 able it should be pasteurized. Pasteurization is a process by which milk 

 is heated to 140° F. for thirty minutes. This treatment kills about 



Photograph 8 



