6 14 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



may hope, however, that the game of life will become so interesting that 

 it wnll not be necessary to play for stakes. 



17. The homes and tools of production to he oivned hy those ivho use 

 them. The excess wealth to he owned hy the locality, the state and th.e 

 nation. The enterprises to he operated in the manner that gives the 

 greatest economic efficiency and social welfare. The homes should be 

 owned by those who live in them — tenements and apartments, as well 

 as city and country houses. Taxation of homes should be adjusted so 

 that homes of average value are exempt or lightly taxed, while those 

 of greater value are subject to a progressive tax, becoming prohibitive 

 for palaces or estates. The tools of production should he owned by 

 those who use them. The industrial slavery which has resulted from 

 the passing from individual production to group production can be 

 abolished only by group ownership. The group might be the com- 

 munity, but when possible it should be those whp work in the factory, 

 cultivate the farm, sail the ship, etc. The ownership and conduct of 

 industries should be vested where the maximum economic efficiency and 

 conditions most favorable to those who work will result. We all agree 

 that the nation should own and manage the postoffice, the states the 

 roads, the cities the water supply. The extension of state ownership and 

 conduct is entirely a matter of economic efficiency and social welfare. 

 The state should own large natural resources and enterprises, which by 

 the nature of things are monopolies or can most advantageously be con- 

 ducted as such. The nation should now conduct the telegraph and 

 express service, probably the business of insurance; it or the states 

 should own, but probably not conduct the railways. The states should 

 own the mines and water power ; the cities the means of transportation 

 and illumination and the telephones; but at present they can probably 

 be conducted most advantageously by private enterprise. Under exist- 

 ing conditions of human nature place must be given for competition 

 and savings, and an official bureaucracy must be avoided. 



18. Education and research to he promoted to the limits permitted 

 hy the resources of the state. It is the great triumph of our industrial 

 democracy that it has supported free education as has no other nation. 

 But we have still to learn what kind of education is of most worth and 

 to extend it to every individual at every age. Together with the bear- 

 ing and rearing of children, the greatest service to mankind is creation 

 in science and art and their useful applications. In both cases produc- 

 tion has been left to fundamental instincts; but these should be rein- 

 forced in all possible ways. Payment should be made for services to 

 society no less than for services to individuals, for which only the 

 present competitive system provides. We admit that research must be 

 paid for by society; university chairs are given as rewards, research 

 institutions are endowed, the government undertakes scientific work. 



