248 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 



America may well take a lesson — research as well as instruction was to 

 be regarded as equally the function of the university. Emphasizing 

 the latter point, the second article provides that " Each imperial uni- 

 versity shall consist of a university hall and colleges ; the university hall 

 being established for the purpose of original research, and the colleges 

 for instruction, theoretical and practical." These purposes and ideals 

 have been faithfully followed in the organization and work of each of 

 the universities. Subsequent ordinances have provided for the financial 

 support of the institutions and have specified the number and rank of 

 officers and instructors; several independent government institutions, 

 such as the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, the Marine Biological 

 Station, and the Botanic Garden have been added to the university; 

 regulations as to degrees have been made, and additional facilities have 

 been provided; but the fundamental character of the universities 

 remains as fixed in the ordinance of 1886. 



In Tokyo Imperial University there are now six colleges: those of 

 law, medicine, engineering, science, literature and agriculture, and 

 University Hall; the latter the research institution. At Kyoto the 

 school, being younger, is less completely developed, the colleges being 

 those of law, medicine, literature, and science and engineering. Here, 

 as at Tokyo, a university hall also provides for research or graduate 

 studies, as that term was used twenty years ago in America before post- 

 graduate work became so formalized. The term college, as used in 

 Japan, does not correspond exactly to usage either in England or 

 America. The college is more nearly a " faculty," as that word is applied 

 in the larger American schools. Each college is presided over by a 

 director and each controls, through a faculty meeting, the curricula, 

 examinations and qualifications of candidates for degrees. The faculty 

 must also hold itself in readiness to consider educational or technical 

 questions submitted by the minister of education and hence becomes an 

 official adviser of the government on matters within its field. The 

 directors of the various colleges, together with one professor from each, 

 constitute the university council, presided over by the president. This 

 council may consider questions relating to the institution or abolition of 

 a course of study in any college, questions relating to chairs in the 

 universities, regulations for the internal government of the institution, 

 granting of degrees, and may suggest modifications of imperial ordi- 

 nances, and of regulations by the minister of education relating to the 

 university. The council also must, on request, advise the president or 

 the minister of education. The president, who is appointed directly 

 by the Emperor and ranks with a cabinet officer, has general control of 

 the affairs of the university and, as in America, has large powers. Baron 

 Kikuchi, the president of Kyoto University, and formerly holding the 

 same position at Tokyo, has been minister of education and has rendered 

 distinguished service to the state in many ways. Baron Hamao, presi- 



