THE IMPERIAL UNIVERSITIES OF JAPAN 249 



dent of Tokyo Imperial University, was one of the pioneers of modern 

 education in Japan and a man of great ability and influence. Such 

 men would wield power under any system, and in Japan full advantage 

 is taken of their abilities. The power of the president, however, is 

 sharply limited in certain particulars where in America it is possibly 

 too often unchecked. For example, professors are appointed by the 

 minister of education, but " in each case that professor shall be appointed 

 who shall have been chosen at an election held by the professors of his 

 particular college." Professors, while not well paid in Japan, occupy 

 a position of much more importance and dignity than in America. 

 They are elected for three years, but may be, and are, reelected indef- 

 initely. They receive only from $600 to $2,000 per year, but this is 

 relatively much more than the equivalent sum in America, and they 

 have a pension system, are paid part salary when relieved from duty 

 for any reason, are given periods of leave of absence, are sent abroad for 

 study in rotation, are intrusted with important government investiga- 

 tions at home and missions abroad, and are treated with every courtesy 

 and respect. It is one of the curious contradictions met constantly in 

 Japan, that in an empire a man of title gets less recognition and a 

 university professor more than in the United States. It is true that in 

 Japan, as in America, the professor must console himself with the honor 

 for the inadequacies of his salary. Both that and traveling allowances 

 are small when measured against the cost of living. Engineering 

 professors, at least — I can not speak as to others — derive supplementary 

 income from consulting work, though there is a strong public opinion 

 which prevents this from degenerating into a mere scramble for 

 dollars. 



Professors, while poorly paid in Japan, are relatively numerous. 

 At Tokyo the instructional staff consists of 6 directors, 156 professors, 

 93 assistant professors, and 110 lecturers; a total of 356. In addition 

 there is an elaborate staff of university officers. At Kyoto, aside from 

 these general officials there are 4 directors, 85 professors, 53 assistant 

 professors, and 41 lecturers; 183 in all. Certain peculiarities of 

 Japanese university organization will be illustrated by listing the pro- 

 fessors in two of the colleges of the University at Tokyo. For con- 

 venience the College of Law and the College of Engineering may be 

 chosen. In the former they are : Constitution, 1 ; public law, 1 ; civil 

 code, 4; commercial code, 2; maritime law, 1; code of civil procedure 

 and law of bankruptcy, 2 ; criminal code, 1 ; code of criminal procedure, 

 1; political economy, 5; finance, 1; statistics, 1; politics, 1; history of 

 politics, 1 ; diplomatic history, 1 ; colonization, 1 ; law of administra- 

 tion, 2 ; public international law, 2 ; private international law, 1 ; 

 history of legal institutions, 1 ; comparative history of legal institutions, 

 1 ; Eoman law, 1 ; English law, 1 ; jurisprudence, 1. In the College of 

 Engineering the list of professors includes: Civil engineering, 4; 



