TYPES OF MEN 277 



They have a poorly developed lower face, and breathe through the 

 mouth. The lowland races are doubtless the older type and represent 

 the primitive characteristics of men. At some point an isolation 

 occurred, possibly with the pushing up of the great plateau of 

 Central Asia and the formation of dry desert uplands. An oasis or an 

 isolated upland valley would combine, both in food and climate, the 

 elements on which the formation of the more vigorous type depended. 

 Later comes the renewal contact with the lowland races and the 

 descent of the northern nomad to the fertile lowlands as a conqueror. 

 From this union come the mixed races that occupy the medium alti- 

 tudes. The upland races can not go too far down south without facing 

 extinction, while the lowland races have been unsuccessful in facing 

 the rigor of dry, cold uplands. 



I shall call the pure uplander the long-faced type, the pure low- 

 lander the round-faced type, and the mixture of the two, the oval-faced 

 type. I use this contrast not because it is the only one that might be 

 selected, but because it permits of a threefold division more readily then 

 the others. An additional reason is that the round-faced and the long- 

 faced women are now popular contrasts. The frontispieces of maga- 

 zines give us the round-faced girl as the approved type of female 

 beauty, while the suffragette, the old maid, the intellectual woman and 

 the freak are pictured with long faces and protruding jaws. The 

 difference, however, is not merely in the skull and the bony structures 

 of the face. Even more marked is the contrast between the placid 

 plumpness of the round face and the nervous make-up of the long face. 

 Like differences are observed in man, and they give a ready means by 

 which the two types can be distinguished. 



In the application of current biologic theories to the human race, 

 we must face the fact that there are two points or centers of elimination. 

 As the race moves down or into hot countries, the upland type or the 

 mixed type in which it is dominant is eliminated, while an upward 

 movement, or one into cold dry regions tends to weed out the lowland 

 type and the elements that it has given to mixed breeds. Changes in 

 food and drink create a like and, at the present time, a more prominent 

 tendency in these directions. Diseases also contribute their share 

 towards this double elimination. Some, like tuberculosis, work against 

 the upland type, while the fevers and alcohol weed out the lowlanders. 

 The action of this double elimination can be shown by using the Mende- 

 lian law of crosses. When parents of mixed breeds unite, the children 

 are one fourth pure of each pure type and one half of the mixed type. 

 If none of the pure types survived, the next generation, being children 

 of the mixed type, would again be one fourth of each of the pure types 

 and one half of the mixed type. In each generation the pure breeds 

 might be eliminated, and yet one fourth of the children of mixed 

 parentage would be representatives of each pure type. Elimination 



