BE SEARCH IN MEDICINE 555 



the development of pathology, but we may leave it for the moment to 

 trace one other line of advance made by the physiologist; an advance 

 in that phase of the subject which Du Bois Eeymond characterized, in 

 1880, as "vivisection and zoochemistry" in contrast to the electro- 

 physiology of nerve and muscle with which his own name is so closely 

 linked, and in contrast also to the phase of physiology in which his- 

 tolog}^, following the lead of Schwann, was playing so large a part. 

 This third field in physiology necessitates a shift of scene to France and 

 Claude Bernard and his school and the study of the functions of organs 

 and their secretions. 



Claude Bernard (1813-1878) was the pupil and successor of 

 Magendie. Magendie did many things, but best of all he made " the 

 experimental method the corner stone of normal and pathological physi- 

 ology and pharmacology." (Welch.) By this method he demon- 

 strated, as Charles Bell had divined, the essentially different functions 

 of the anterior and posterior roots of spinal nerves. Also he founded 

 a journal of experimental physiology. 



Bernard, departing widely from Magendie's work, followed in his 

 researches one main idea, the action of the nervous system on the 

 chemical changes which constitute the basis of nutrition and this 

 problem he attempted to solve by either direct experimental investiga- 

 tion of nerves, or by chemical researches or by a combination of both 

 methods. His most important discoveries were the demonstration 

 (1) of the significance of the pancreatic juice in digestion; (2) the 

 glycogenic function of the liver and (3) the vasomotor system. These 

 investigations (1850-1860) with those of Ludwig (1851) on the 

 mechanism of the secretion of the glands, with the earlier observation 

 on gastric digestion made by our own countr^Tuan, William Beaumont 

 (1833), and the discovery of pepsin by Schwann (1835) represent the 

 principles out of which our present conception of the physiology of 

 digestion has developed. Kot only did Bernard make discoveries and 

 work out the lines of progress for the study of the outward or external 

 secretions of glands, but as a result of his study of the influence of the 

 liver on carbohydrate metabolism, he formulated the theory of " in- 

 ternal secretions," which represents a field of physiology cultivated in 

 the past few years with the greatest success and still full of promise for 

 the future. 



Bernard has the distinction of being the first man of science to 

 whom France accorded a public funeral, a recognition not alone of 

 personal worth, but also of the nation's debt to science and to research 

 in the field of medicine. 



Thus far I have presented the beginnings of those branches of medi- 

 cine which deal with normal structure and function. Next in order of 

 development comes that science which is concerned with the study of 

 disease, pathology and upon which are based sound diagnosis and 



