256 TRANSACTIONS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW. 



found, in the case of the specimen described. Before leaving 

 Egypt, it may be noted that representations on Egyptian sculptures 

 show that there was both a horned and a hornless breed. Of the 

 horned variety there were apparently two breeds, one long-horned 

 and one short-horned, both being of one uniform colour, while the 

 polled cattle are parti-coloured. Polled cattle are also represented 

 on Koman coins between B.C. 490 and B.C. 27. Egyptian sculptures 

 show also a humped breed. Another variety is found at Thebes. 

 Thev are white and black in colour, low in the le^s. with the horns 

 hanging loose, forming small horny hooks, nearly of equal thick- 

 ness to the point, and hanging against the cheeks. The Assyrian 

 scuh)tures show a stronger breed, with an animal more robust in 

 body and having thicker horns than the animals of the Egyptian 

 monuments. Besides Egypt, there are other channels through 

 which white cattle entered into ancient Italy. Yarro remarks 

 that white oxen were rare in Italy, but the rule in Thrace, which 

 is separated from Asia by the Bosphorus and Hellespont. These, 

 it is conjectured, may have been Scythian cattle brought by the 

 Iranian pastoral tribes and afterwards introduced into Itaiv. It 

 mav be interestin": to note that Scvthian cattle are said to be 

 stumpy-horned by Herodotus, while Hippocrates says they were 

 hornless, Tacitus says the same of some German cattle, which 

 '• lacked the glory of the brow." The Euboean breed, of which we 

 read " whence our poets say white-cowed Eabcea," was also white, 

 and would T)robablv have the same orisjin, for Euboea was earlv 

 connected with Thrace and the north. Another recruiting ground 

 for white cattle would be the Koman Province of Pannonia — that 

 is, the eastern portion of Austria, Carinthia, Carniola, Hungary 

 between the Danube and Save, Slavonia, and portions of Croatia 

 and Bosnia. In this region — a classic cattle one — three nomadic 

 races encamped, and in turn drove each other out. Each brought 

 new races of cattle with them, and these, perhaps, were better ones 

 than those the district inherited by antiquity from the primitive 

 world. The three races are represented by (1) the white Ukraine 

 or Podolian or Hungarian ox; (2) Steppe cattle, small in size 

 and red in colour; and (3) Kalmuck cattle of Tartar or Mongol 

 hordes, small, and red in colour. The Ukraine oxen are large 

 and grevish-white in colour, sometimes with tawnv bodies and 

 white faces, long-legged and long-horned, with upward horns, 



