WHITE CATTLE : AN INQUIRY INTO THEIR ORIGIN, ETC. 431 



they be not taken as final, for there may be some circumstance 

 which I have overlooked that may lead me to alter these, yet I 

 do not think they can or will be very materially changed. One 

 point I would like to emphasize is that in such an inquiry as this 

 regarding the origin and history of a race of cattle, my position 

 must be that of a compiler dependent upon workers in departments 

 of study far removed from each other, and without any special 

 interest in cattle; so I have, therefore, to ask that those who can 

 assist the inquiry, either by fresh data or constructive criticism, 

 will do so. This paper must not be considered as final, or even 

 as introductory, but simply as a preliminary collation of data. 



APPENDIX I. 



AVith reference to Italian cattle, Professor Italo Gio-lioli, of 

 Portici, w^rites me that "it is very e\ddent that very little is 

 known regarding the history of the different breeds of Italian 

 cattle ; these are, no doubt, the descendants of the ancient cattle 

 of classical times, but the many invasions of barbarians during 

 the downfall of the Roman Empire have certainly mixed and 

 modified the old breeds ; and if we compare the paintings and 

 sculptures still existing of ancient cattle with the modern Italian 

 cattle, we find very many differences, granting that the ancient 

 artists were faithful in their representations of animal life." 



" In Tuscany to-day, I may add, we find five breeds of cattle, i.e., 

 the Chianina, Maremmana, Tiberina, Svizzera, and Montanina. 

 The first three named are said to be descendants of the breed 

 called Podolico or Pugliese, from Puglia, in the South of Italy. 

 The Svizzera came from Lugano, in Switzerland, and the Mon- 

 tanina are nondescript mountain cattle. 



" For many centuries the Yal de Chiana (Tuscany) has been 

 celebrated for its white cattle. The breed called Chianina, or Val 

 de Chiana, are white in colour, with muzzle and tip of tail black ; 

 the tongue dark ; ears flesh-coloured inside ; the horns long, fine, 

 and black tipped. 



" The Maremmana breed are grey and white speckled in colour, 

 and are found on the salt marshy plains of Volterra and the clays 

 of Sienna. They are a working breed. The Tiberina breed differs 

 little from above ; and the Svizzera breed, black in colour, are 



H 



