32 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



still more which he recognized as due to the progress of his own 

 mind. 



The article "Progress, its Law and Cause," projected, as we have 

 seen, in 1854, was written early in 185V. In the first half of it the 

 transformation of the homogeneous into the heterogeneous is traced 

 throughout all orders of phenomena; in the second half the principle 

 of transformation is deduced from the law of the multiplication of 

 effects. In this essay, moreover, there is indicated the application of 

 the general law of Evolution to the production of species. It is 

 shown that there " would not be a substitution of a thousand more or 

 less modified species for the thousand original species ; but, in place 

 of the thousand modified species, there would arise several thousand 

 species, or varieties, or changed forms ; " and that " each original race 

 of organisms would become the root from which diverged several 

 races differing more or less from it and from each other." It is further 

 argued that the new relations in which animals would be placed tow- 

 ard one another would initiate further differences of habit and con- 

 sequent modifications, and that " there must arise, not simply a ten- 

 dency toward the differentiations of each race of organisms into 

 several races, but also a tendency to the occasional production of a 

 somewhat higher organism." The case of the divergent varieties of 

 man, some of them higher than others, caused in this same manner, is 

 given in illustration. Throughout the argument there is a tacit im- 

 plication that, as a consequence of the cause of Evolution, the produc- 

 tion of species will go on, not in ascending linear series, but by per- 

 petual divergence and redivergence branching and again branching. 

 The general conception, however, differs from that of Mr. Darwin in 

 this that adaptation and readaptation to continually-changing condi- 

 tions is the only process recognized there is no recognition of " sponta- 

 neous variations," and the natural selection of those that are favorable. 



During the summer of 1857 Mr. Spencer wrote the "Origin and 

 Function of Music," published in Fraser's Magazine for October. 

 Like nearly all of his other writings, this interesting article is domi- 

 nated by the idea of Evolution. The general law of nervo-motor 

 action in all animals is shown to furnish an explanation of the tones 

 and cadences of emotional speech; and it is pointed out that from 

 these music is evolved by simple exaltation of all the distinctive 

 traits, and carrying them out into ideal combination. A further step 

 was taken, the same year, in the development of the doctrine of Evo- 

 lution, which is indicated in the article entitled " Transcendental Phys- 

 iology." It was there explained that the multiplication of effects was 

 not the only cause of the universal change from homogeneity to 

 heterogeneity, but that there was an antecedent principle to be recog- 

 nized, viz., the Instability of the Homogeneous. The physiological 

 illustrations of the law are mainly dwelt upon, though its other appli- 

 cations are indicated. 



